Chapter 2 Preface to 1943

More than twenty years ago, after reading Boswell's "The Biography of Dr. Johnson", I began to feel a great interest in biographical literature, but it is only since 1939 that I have done practical research on this department of literature. .In that year, I saw that most people's concept of biographical literature was still very vague, let alone any progress in this kind of literature, so I decided to do some thorny work for the Chinese literary circle. Now that the purpose has been decided, the study begins.In addition to Chinese works, for Western literature, in terms of biographical works, I read the works of modern writers from Bruteger's celebrity biographies, and in terms of biographical theory, I read from Theavantes' Personality biographical overview.Of course, my ability is limited, and the books in my place are also limited, but I can only do my best to move forward within the possible range.

In the past few years, "Progress of Chinese Biographical Literature", "The Future of Biographical Literature", "On the Biography of Master Sanzang of Da Ci'en Temple", "Biographical Literature and Personality" and several other articles have been published. There are also several articles.Except for the essays, I intended to describe the trend of Chinese biographical literature, but because of the lack of reference books, I could only write some outlines and failed to complete it; the only completed work was "On the Biographical Literature of the Eight Dynasties" with more than 100,000 words.

I finally have some understanding of the development of Chinese biographical literature, but knowing the past certainly does not guide the future.The Buddhist saying that reading all other treasures is not one's own is a well-known saying that cannot be broken.If you want to work hard for Chinese literature, relying solely on praising the ancients and narrating their hometowns, you will end up reading all the treasures, and you can't talk about carrying on the past and opening up the future.This is true of general literature, and so is biographical literature.So I decided to write a biography on the spot.This is an attempt. Success is great, but failure can also give yourself and others some vigilance, which is actually a kind of success.I didn't feel a great threat to failure at first, not to mention that I have achieved considerable achievements no matter what!

The goal of writing is determined, followed by the issue of form.I believe that the world is the whole, and literature is the whole. In modern China, the consciousness of biographical literature may inevitably lag behind, but in the near future, there must be a day when our consciousness will be stirred forward and we will not be left behind.The era of biographies of history and Han has passed, the era of biographies of Han and Wei has passed, the era of tomb inscriptions of the Six Dynasties Tang and Song Dynasties has passed, the era of chronicles after the Song Dynasty has passed, and even better works, such as Zhu Xi's "Zhang Wei Gong Xing Zhang", Huang Qian The era of "Zhu Zi Xing Zhe" has also passed.What lies before us is the development of biographical literature in the West over the past three hundred years.We need to know, understand, and appreciate the writings of the ancients.But we never admit that our future is dictated by the ancients.Even if some people claim that the ancients dominate the present, it is actually an unbearable and unimaginable fallacy.

Biographical literature in the West has undergone continuous development in the past three hundred years, and has undergone many changes in form and content. If we adopt this route, which method should we adopt? The most famous work is of course that of Boswell.A "Biography of Dr. Johnson" became a family recited article.Here we see a slovenly doctor and many of his friends, and we hear them discuss literature, discuss politics, and even discuss all the trivial matters of planting trees and fruit.Sometimes Johnson had a banter and a belly laugh, leaving Boswell, who was ridiculed, to complain of his misfortune.Johnson laughed and scolded, but his student Gelick took advantage of the husband's absence to describe the love between the husband and wife, stealthily, which aroused the carnival of the whole hall.This is life, so this book becomes an immortal work.But to write such a work, at least the author and the hero must have a close relationship in life, and then have the opportunity to narrate.As for the author's literary accomplishment and Boswell's unique spirit, they are all necessary conditions for this type of work.

The other is Stratzer's The Life of Queen Victoria.This is a modern work, opening up the situation of modern biographical literature.In the thin two hundred pages, the author describes the Queen's life.We see her parents and uncle, her nanny, her husband and children.We see several British Prime Ministers, from Melburn to Glanston and Disraeli.Here is the political situation in the UK, as well as the general trend of the world.But everything is only in this thin little book.The author has no lengthy citations and no cumbersome textual research.If we are willing to risk comparisons, we might as well say that "The Queen's Biography" is very rich in the famous works of "Historical Records".It is no accident that this book opens a new situation.However, China in 1943 did not seem to be the time to advocate this type of writing.The British have the so-called spirit of seeking truth from facts. For their heavy works in modern times, a "Granston Biography" contains hundreds of thousands of words, and a "Disraeli Biography" contains hundreds of thousands of words. Wanzi, their foundation is solid, any record must have a source, and any inference must have a basis.Under such circumstances, Stracheer stripped off all the heavy arguments and probed into the mystery, which of course immediately refreshed people and seized a unique position.But Stratzer's book is built on that solid foundation.Although many people praise this way of writing, in my humble opinion, if Stracheer were in China, he would definitely not be able to write such a masterpiece.The Chinese imitate his style of writing, and they will only write works that are sarcasm, novels that are not novels, and historical facts that are not historical facts.In the past 20 to 30 years, the Chinese literary world has undergone many changes, but the atmosphere of prudence has not yet been cultivated.Although there are many people who praise Stratzer, who can remember that this thin volume has referred to more than 70 kinds of historical materials?Zhong Gong once said: Isn't it okay to live in respect and walk simple to treat the people?Is it too simple to live in simplicity and act in simplicity?Zhu Xi's "Collection Notes": If you treat yourself with respect, you will have the master and self-government. It's sparse, but what you do is simple, isn't it too simple to be kept?This is about politics, but it is also applicable to literature. Without going through the rigorous stage, we cannot talk about simplicity;Therefore, although Stratzer wrote a masterpiece, China in 1943 was not the time and place for advocating this approach.

Then we can only talk about the third method.Works since the mid-nineteenth century are often so cumbersome and lengthy, but everything has its origin and evidence.Bulky is indeed a bit cumbersome, but this is a rock, and if we require rocks to be strong and reliable, we must admit that rocks are heavy.The works since the 19th century are disgusting, not because of their bulkiness, but because of the lack of choice of materials and the lack of pertinence in the arguments.In these two points, we can get enlightenment and learn many methods from Stratzer's works.Moloya attacked the writings of this school, thinking that they were committed to the purpose of praising the hero, so their works were just a kind of flattery, which won the favor of the bereaved in vain and lost the value of literature.This argument has indeed won our sympathy. It is an obvious truth that biography loses its own value when it becomes a eulogizing text.

The biographical literature that China needs seems to be just a kind of work with origins, evidence, and no tediousness, nor praise.As for the selection of materials and the pertinence of the argument, this is a matter of the author's self-cultivation.None of the writers did not set out with such expectations, but whether this goal can be achieved can only be left to the judgment of the reader.Mencius once said: Wisdom is ingenious, and sage is strength. From shooting a hundred steps away, it reaches strength, which is not strength.In terms of strength, we should work hard; in terms of ingenuity, it is not necessarily something that can be achieved by hard work alone.

Since this method has been adopted, it is necessary to determine a master.I once said: Everyone has his own world, his own life.The record of this life, in the hands of an excellent biographer, can become an excellent work.Therefore, in the small towns and poor villages of Xiazhou, the lives of field husbands, old men, idiots and sons and daughters are all topics of biographical literature.This is an ideal statement, in fact there are many necessary restrictions.An ordinary character cannot attract readers' attention, so the author can only use delicate literary skills and start with personality analysis to make readers feel deep sympathy for such a hero's character, and only then can he understand the world Any one person in the world has unique value.However, we can get to know only the most limited number of people in detail. If it is not the time to write biographies for them, in this regard, there is actually no way to start.In Western literature, there are still very few biographies of ordinary people, and this is one reason.

Therefore, one can only start with the great ones.The autumn of 1941 was a time when I was in a state of uncertainty.There are many great figures in Chinese history, but many difficulties arose when we started.Some people are great, but the place of their greatness is not necessarily understood by me.I know the greatness of some people, but in terms of information, there are either too few to find out, or too many to deal with.The loss and emptiness inside the library during the Anti-Japanese War is a well-known fact; it is also a well-known fact that the life of scholars during the Anti-Japanese War was hard and destitute.Therefore, when choosing a biography master, there are many concerns.Secondly, when writing, you have to consider the difficulties in writing.The era of the biography is too far away, and we will always feel a gap in his life; too close, and we often cannot get a comprehensive understanding of his life because we grew up under his influence.In that autumn, I went through a lot of pain because of the choice of the biography master.

Zhang Juzheng was finally decided.Although there are many great figures in Chinese history, there are very few epoch-making figures like Ju Zheng.From the sixth year of Longqing to the tenth year of Wanli, during the entire ten years, Juzheng occupied the overall political situation, and there was no second figure comparable to him.In the decades before this period, the entire political situation was chaotic, and in the next few decades, it was still chaotic: only in these ten years, a relatively clear era, China achieved a certain degree of progress in a stable state, and everything was in order. Juzheng's great contribution.This is why he became an epoch-making figure.But Juzheng's life has never been understood by the world.Those who praise it may exaggerate the truth, and those who destroy it may lose its truth. This is a practical criticism.The most kind comments are Bijuzheng's Yi and Zhou, and the most malicious comments are Bijuzheng's Wen and Reckless.Some promoted it as a saint, and some even denounced it as a beast.In fact, Juzheng is neither Yi, Zhou, Wen, nor reckless: he is certainly not a beast, but he does not aspire to be a saint.He is just Zhang Juzheng, a character who is inspired by Tao Rong's era and at the same time misses Tao Rong's era. However, many difficult issues arose. First, Juzheng is a figure with almost no private life.Modern biographical literature often pays attention to the private life of the subject.The description of private life can make the text vivid, and at the same time, it can make readers have a kind feeling for the hero, so they can better understand the personality of the hero.But we know very little about Juzheng's private life; there may be some records in the notes of Ming Dynasty people, but we dare not use them lightly for the sake of prudence. This shortcoming is almost irreparable. Second, the center of Juzheng's life after he entered the cabinet was only politics; because he occupied the overall political situation, he had to describe the political situation at that time.Heaviness and triviality are inevitable results, but without this, it is impossible to understand juzheng.Some people may think that the characters in the historical biography can give an overview of the political situation at that time in only a few hundred words. Why waste words like this?However, any historical biography is only a piece of the whole official history. When historians use the example of mutual reference, it can be said that it is here and implied in the other. This is a convenience that biographical literature works cannot enjoy. The most difficult thing is ordinary people's understanding of the overall situation of the Ming Dynasty.Everyone knows that Juzheng comprehensively checks the names and facts, but they are a little at a loss when they are asked to give the name and facts of the comprehensive checks.It is not uncommon for a college student who studies Chinese literature to be ignorant of the cabinet system of the Ming Dynasty; it is not uncommon for an expert who studies politics to be ignorant of the actual politics of the Ming Dynasty.It is especially unfortunate for the archaic spirit of the people.Because they are fond of antiquity, they do not know the present, or even the era that is close to the present.Ordinary people know that Qin Shihuang built the Great Wall, but they don’t know that the current Great Wall is the side wall built by Yang Yiqing, Yu Zijun, Weng Wanda, Yang Bo, etc.; they know that Emperor Yang of Sui built the canal, but they don’t know that the current canal is Song Li, Wan Gong, Li Hualong, etc. The channel dug by Cao Shipin and others.The habit of knowing the past but not using the present in the intellectual circles caused them to have a kind of estrangement from the modern state of affairs.Talk too little, and they won't understand; talk too much, and they'll get bored: it's a dilemma. Behind these many difficulties, there is another problem, which is the lack of materials. Common books such as "Ming History", "Ming History Chronicles", "Ming Ji", "Ming History Draft", "Ming Hui Dian" and other common books are certainly available; but important materials such as "Ming Shi Lu" are exactly the ones that cannot It is a pity that there is no way to use a book that is easily seen, except for occasional quotations. The main historical materials are still the forty-six volumes of "The Complete Works of Zhang Wenzhong".It is a common practice in Western biographical literature to use my own works as my own historical materials.A person's work, except for those who are intentionally forged and can be seen at a glance, is often more reliable than other people's works.Regarding this point, of course, there are still some restrictions: when one is old, the memories of the early years are unavoidably vague; when the career is completed, the explanation for the original motivation is unavoidable.For the understanding of things, it is inevitable to see the part but not the whole; for the judgment of people, it is inevitable to be completely subjective and unable to analyze.Human beings are just ordinary, and we shouldn't have too high expectations, but as long as we think carefully, we can often find the truth of the situation from all the refutations and contradictions of the author.This is why Western biographical literature takes the works of the subject as the main material. The female version of the forty-six volumes of "The Complete Works of Zhang Wenzhong" is the Ming engraved "Taiyue Collection", with the same number of volumes.Among the forty-six volumes, there are thirteen volumes of memorials, fifteen volumes of letters, eleven volumes of anthology, six volumes of poems, and one volume of "The Straight Explanation of Female Commandments".Except for "The Straight Explanation of Women's Admonitions", everything is related to Juzheng's life, and of course it is the best historical material.But in fact, this is not the original appearance of the complete works of Juzheng.Juzheng entered Bailian and Baiyan Song, see "History of Ming Dynasty", there is "Baiyan Song" in this collection but not "Bailian Song".Juzheng is the tomb inscription of Gao Gong, see the fourteenth volume of the slip "Answer to Sima Cao Fu Chuan Shu", but there is no anthology today.Juzheng has "Please Order the World to Save the Fields", and briefly read "Ming History Chronicles", but I don't see the memorials today.Zhang Sixiu's "Compilation of Xiangong Wenji Fanshi" states that Xiangong Wenji, those who were in the old record room, died after their successors, and returned after more than ten years. Eighteen survived and twelve escaped; just like a young man's writing All Fu, all of them; poems should be made, essays written by edict, two out of ten; only compiled according to the surviving ones, there are six volumes of poems and fourteen volumes of literature (combined with "Nvjiezhijie", so it is said Here), there are fifteen volumes of inscriptions, and eleven volumes of memorials and pairs. Together, they are the complete works, and there are four kinds of separation.The so-called eighteen survivors and twelve escapees are roughly a evasion.Yu Maoxue once proposed impeachment for Ju Zhengjin's "Ode to the White Lotus" ("Ming History" Volume 235 "Yu Maoxue Biography"); ); "Ode to the White Lotus" and "Please Order the World to Du Tianshu" have not been collected, and they are probably deleted on purpose, not accidentally lost.As for the deletion of Gao Gong's tomb inscription, of course it is only the prejudice of Sixiu and Maoxiu.When Han Yu discussed Zhang Xun's and Xu Yuan's descendants, he dismissed them as the two children's talents and wisdom, and could not inform the second father's will.Generally speaking, Sixiu and Maoxiu are the ones who cannot inform the second father's will. The ordering of these four works is not the same.If all of them follow the chronological order, it is of course a kind of convenience for future generations, but it is necessary to classify the successors, especially the collections of poetry and anthology. Without a lot of research and reference, it is impossible to presume that a certain work is a work of a certain year. The presumed result is only an assumption, not a certainty, so the value of historical materials will inevitably be affected. Fortunately, the chapters of the memorials and letters are generally chronological, so we can barely find some clues, but the chronology still has some sense of classification.Among the thirteen volumes of memorials, the first eleven volumes are works after Juzheng entered the cabinet, and the last two volumes are works before he entered the cabinet.Fifteen volumes of letters, the first thirteen volumes are the works of Ju Zheng after he entered the cabinet; the fourteenth volume is 31 books by Ju Zheng and Xu Jie, four books by Gao Gong and other books related to Xu and Gao; The fifteenth volume is the book of confidant, and Wang Shizhen, Shimao brothers, as well as the works before entering the cabinet, and it is attached to show Ji Zimao's revision of the book.Everything can be seen in the form that cannot be numbered. The most surprising thing is the titles of the books and slips.Sixiu said to himself: the first official books were brought from the old record room. Gai Sixiu and others suffered from family difficulties for more than ten years, but Shouze returned after returning. Examining their age, they seem to be all right.There may be cases where the official name is cited but the name is lacking, or the name is cited but the official name is missing, or the official title is available, or the taboo is directly cited, the rules are uncertain.Sixiu and others did not dare to follow up with their own ideas, but still taught the secretary's ear in the past. (The title of the letter is respectful), Sixiu believes that the title of the letter is from Juzheng's dictation.In fact, this is an excuse.On the thirteenth book, there is "Reply to Xuanda Governor Zheng Fanxi's Letter", Zheng Luo was the governor of Xuanda at that time, not the governor; there is "Reply to the Governor of Jiliao Zhang Lai", at that time Zhang Jiayin was the governor of Xuanfu, not the governor of Jiliao, and After Juzheng's death, Jiayin was appointed Governor of Jiliao.And so on, there are still many people to mention.It can be seen that even though the first thirteen volumes of the book generally retain the chronological form, the titles are still very messy; some are from Juzheng's dictation, and some are from after-the-fact tracing, and even some are from the secretary. hand, or from the hands of Sixiu and Maoxiu, it cannot be tested. That is to say, as far as the memorials and books of the chronology are concerned, the so-called chronology actually only gives a sequential order, and does not indicate that a certain book or a certain book was written in a certain year and month, nor does it indicate that a certain volume was written in a certain year or a certain period. The role of chronology in the monthly works is not sufficient in reality, and everything needs to be compared and verified from the historical facts before a general situation can be obtained.However, it is much more convenient than the anthology of poetry and anthology, which requires each volume and each chapter to be deduced separately. To write a biography for Juzheng, all the materials in front of me are only a little bit.If you read "Ming Shilu", you will definitely get more understanding of Juzheng's political achievements during his sixteen years in the cabinet; certificate.But there is no way, all empty theories cannot cover up the emptiness of the material.I felt hesitant, and tried to put this subject aside several times, but still had some nostalgia, and finally wrote this biography.What is this for?I believe that the writing of biographical literature is not entirely a matter of materials, but also of writing methods.The Biography of Disraeli written by Money Penny was written in six thick volumes with 1.5 million words. In terms of materials, it can be said that there is no regret, but Moloya's "Biography of Disraeli" was published later. , might as well be a famous work.It was not until recently that Washington’s early diaries were discovered that the names of his early lovers were still unknown. However, more than 500 biographies of Washington have been published, and they did not stop because of incomplete materials.The way of the university is to be clear and bright, to be close to the people, and to stop at perfection.We all know that there is a supreme good, and we also know that this supreme good cannot be accomplished, but human beings have not stopped striving for the perfect good because of this.Perhaps our estimate of Juzheng is a bit hazy. In fact, from the perspective of his relationship with the country, he cannot be regarded as a great figure. As long as the biographical literature becomes popular, there will be ten or even a hundred kinds of Zhang Juzheng in the future. It is not impossible. something to imagine.So this book, with incomplete materials, is a pioneer for everyone, and it may not be a necessary responsibility. The second is about text.When I wrote "Four Essays on Reading Poetry" and several other books, I used classical Chinese, because many of these books are full of quotations in classical Chinese.But when writing, I often feel a new artistic conception, and I must use a new style of writing, so that I don't regret not expressing my meaning.This is the reason for the style of language used in the later writing of "Review of the Biographical Literature of the Eight Dynasties".When writing in style, there are also two difficulties.First, the article and the citation obviously use two styles, and readers are most likely to feel the incongruity of the text, which is an unavoidable difficulty.Secondly, the vocabulary of the style is relatively poor, so it is often necessary to borrow classical vocabulary or create something new when narrating.This difficulty is also unavoidable, but in recent years, this style of writing has become a trend, and the language is constantly changing. Everyone in this trend feels that it is beyond reproach.The future looks at the present, and the present looks at the past.Maybe twenty years later there will be another change, and I will leave it to future generations to criticize. This leads to the question of dialogue.Dialogue is the spirit of biographical literature. With dialogue, readers will feel that the characters in the book are as they are now.A "Benji of Xiang Yu" is a good example.The first emperor of Qin visited Kuaiji and crossed Zhejiang Province. Xiang Yu and Xiang Liang went to visit. Xiang Yu said: "He can be replaced."Xiang Liang covered his mouth and said: "No lie, the family is gone!"This is a conversation between two people.Xiang Yu wanted to kill Song Yi, he said: "I will attack Qin with all my strength, and I won't be able to stay for a long time!"This year, the hungry people are poor, the soldiers eat taro, the army has no food, but they drink wine and do not lead the soldiers to cross the river. Because of Zhao's food, they attack Qin together with Zhao, and they say: "inherit the shame!"If Qin is strong enough to attack the newly created Zhao, he is bound to lift up Zhao, and Qin is strong when Zhao is lifted up. What a shame!Moreover, the country's soldiers are newly broken, the king can't sit on his seat, sweeps the territory and belongs to the general, and the country's safety is in danger. In this one action, he does not show mercy to the soldiers and favors his own interests. He is not a minister of the country!This is Xiang Yu's declaration.Afterwards, at the Hongmen Banquet, Xiang Yu, Fan Zeng, Xiang Zhuang, Pei Gong, Zhang Liang, and Fan Kui all spoke, and the writing was very vivid, especially the part where Fan Kui entered the audience.This was a question to Fan Kuai, but Fan Kui didn't answer. Zhang Liang said: "Pei Gong's knight is also the one who rides on Fan Kui."When King Xiang said that a strong man would give him wine, he was ordering his attendants again.Everything is written in such a way that it feels strangely alive. This way of writing, in the hands of novelists, becomes the best tool.Modern biographers also often use this way of writing.But biographical literature is literature as well as history.Because biographical literature is history, in terms of records, we should pursue the truth, which is completely different from the novelist's style of constructing out of thin air.If this point is not clearly understood, biographical literature will be brought into an unbelievable situation; the text may be more vivid, but the price is too high, and it is not worthwhile after all. In writing this book, as long as it is a well-founded dialogue, I have made full use of it, but I guarantee that there is not a word of imagination.There are also other difficulties here.In the past, when people memorized conversations, they often used dead words instead of living words.For example, in Gu Yingtai's record, after Yan Shifan was imprisoned, Xu Jie and Huang Guangsheng, Minister of the Ministry of Punishment, discussed the following: The order is solid, and the manuscript is safe, and the official comes out of his arms to enter. After reading it, he said: "The Legalists' judgments are good."Extending into the inner court, the left and right words on the screen said: "You gentlemen say that Mr. Yan should die or live?"Said: death is not enough to redeem.However, will this case kill or live?Said: Use Yang and Shen Zheng to resist death.Xu Jie said, "Don't talk about it yourself."Yang and Shen are sincerely guilty of the common evils of the world, but Yang uses the taboo of the middle class to take the special purpose, and Shen secretly enters the trick and takes the general purpose.Shang Yingming, is he willing to quote himself as an exaggeration?As soon as he entered the review, the suspected legal department would be furious because of Yan's return to the top, and everyone involved in the matter could not help it. Master Yan rode out of the capital. (Volume 54 of "Ming History Chronicles") This will not make people believe what Xu Jie, Huang Guangsheng and others said.To be clear, people used to translate vernacular Chinese into classical Chinese, but now we have to translate classical Chinese back into vernacular.This kind of translation method has considerable basis in classics and history.Yao Dian: The emperor said: If the time of counseling is as good as the time?Huandou said: Yinzi Zhu, Qiming.The emperor said: "Wow, clamoring for a lawsuit, is it possible?"The emperor said: "If you want to pick up the counseling?"Huandou said: "Du, Gonggong Fangjiu Zonggong."The emperor said: "Wow, quiet words are not violated, just like respecting the sky."This is a poignant article.Tai Shi Gong's Five Emperors have completely changed this book, we see Yao said: Who can obey this matter?Huandou said: "The heir, Danzhu, is enlightened."Yao said: "Call, stubborn, don't use it."Yao said again: Who can do it?Huandou said: Gonggong, together with cloth work, can be used.Yao said: Gonggong is good at speaking, but his use of it is out of the way, and it seems to be full of respect, so it can't be done.Tai Shigong has done a lot of translation work, and the text is very smooth.If Tai Shigong was born today, we would not be surprised to see that we translate Gu Yingtai's classical Chinese into vernacular. When translating classical Chinese into vernacular, we should pay attention to the language commonly used by people in the Ming Dynasty, not the language commonly used by modern people.We may not have a clear idea of ​​what people in the Ming Dynasty said, but we may as well think that people in the Ming Dynasty would not use modern-specific vocabulary, modern degenerate grammar, or modern humor.By paying attention to these aspects, we may be able to get a general idea of ​​what people in the Ming Dynasty said.What is a little more difficult is the speech of the empresses of the Ming Dynasty.The feudal emperors and queens have long since disappeared with the times, and we have no chance to contact them.Do they speak like normal people?Or is it the same as written in the script, do you usually call yourself lonely?From what I've seen, they're roughly the same as normal people.Shenzong's birth mother, Empress Dowager Xiaoding, said: She told the emperor that your wedding is about to take place, and I will return to my palace. If you move or rest, you will not be able to hear, see and teach as before, so I am worried about this. ("The Complete Works of Duke Zhang Wenzhong" Memorial Six "Begging to Obey the Mercy").Shenzong himself said: I was in a coma for a while, so I made a mistake, so you should give me a strong admonition.You waited for me to be happy for a while without saying anything, but now I am taught by the holy order of the Holy Mother, I am now reforming my mistakes, and the evil is gone. (Zou Shu Nine "Treating Evil and Nei Chen Shu").These are very common words, from which we can see the outline of what the emperor and empress said, and there is also a basis for narrating the dialogue. The most gratifying thing is that there are many records of dialogues left in the memorials of Juzheng, such as "Xie Zhaojianshu" (Zoushu 2), "Zhaoci Chronicle" (Zoushu 7), "Zoujian Chronicle" (Zoushu 8), "Zoujian Platform Chronicle" (Zushu 9), "Send Living Hall to Talk about "Dabao Zhen" Notes", "Send Living Hall to Discuss Borderland Affairs Notes" (Zou Shu 11).Among the records, Juzheng occasionally wrote the dialogues in classical Chinese, but most of them could preserve the tone of the day, that is, in "Xie Zhao Jianshu" records that after Juzheng was called into the court in June of the sixth year of Longqing, Shenzong said: The husband was buried in the mausoleum of the father, and he suffered from the heat, and said: "Everything needs the help of the husband."Afterwards, Juzhengzuo please abide by the old system of the ancestors, give lectures to relatives and virtuous people, and love the people. Shenzong replied: "What you said is true."Juzheng asked Shenzong to live carefully and eat on a diet. Shenzong said: Got it.Dinner and wine with Mr.In so many places we find the tone of the day, the most valuable record. At the same time, we also need to know that even though Juzheng’s words are written in classical Chinese, there is no absolute boundary between classical Chinese and style. tendencies of the language.When teaching, teachers sometimes use sentences that are close to classical Chinese so that students can take notes. This is just a common thing. The general plan for this book was decided in 1941.In the spring of the following year, a commentary on the biographical literature of the eight generations was written.In the spring of this year, I re-wrote the outline of the history of Chinese literary criticism, writing the fourth and fifth for my teacher and friend Langyeguan.In the past few years, all the remaining time was spent on this book. Actually, the writing started on January 3 this year and ended on August 6. It was the sixth chapter for my teacher and friend Langyeguan. Some people may feel a little surprised when they see the name of Dachuan.The use of these two words in biographical literature is indeed a pioneering work.Dazhuan was originally a name in Confucian classics; there is "Shangshu Dazhuan" in Shangshu, and Dazhuan in Book of Rites; but it has never been used in this way in historical biography.However, we should know that Chinese historiography originated from Confucian classics, and the 130 chapters of "Historical Records" are just imitations of "Spring and Autumn" works: the twelve biography imitates the twelve males, and the seventy biographies imitate the rams and grain beams.The original meaning of biography has the meaning of annotation, so the interpretation of the name Shi Dianyi says: biography, biography, to pass on to future generations.The seventy biographies are just annotations to seventy chapters, which give proper annotations to the characters in this Ji or other chapters.Since Biographies of Biographies is a name that refers to classics and enters history, it seems that it is not an exception to have another biography that refers to classics and enters history in biographical literature. All I have achieved with my hard work over the past few years is this very ordinary book, and my own academic ability has only reached this stage, so there is nothing I can do about it.My hope was originally to provide a reference for ordinary people to know how Western biographical literature is written and how it can be introduced to China.I only open the garden gate to let the public know what kind of garden is inside. In the future, there will be more people visiting, including those who cultivate flowers and trees, and those who repair garden pavilions. As long as the garden is prosperous day by day, the person who opened the garden gate will be forgotten , he should also be thankful that this work is not meaningless. "Faxian Xingzhuan" records a section of Faxian passing through the Shahe River: There are many evil ghosts and hot winds in the Shahe River, and if they encounter them, they will all die, and there is no one who is perfect.There are no birds above, no animals below.Looking all over the eyes, if you want to save the place, you don't know what to plan, but use the bones of the dead as the ear.In a boundless realm, we can only follow the footsteps of our predecessors as our own way forward.What our predecessors did to us is exactly what we owe to future generations.Regardless of success or failure, the current efforts are an important reference for future generations. I should take this opportunity to express my heartfelt thanks to the two people from afar.Over twenty years of life, I have developed the habit of not taking care of my family's production.I drifted in a different place alone, and it was rare to go back once during the winter and summer vacations.After the war against Japan, I entered the country from Vietnam and went to the rear of the War of Resistance, and I have never seen my hometown since then.Discipline of family affairs, upbringing of children, and dealing with the environment have never been my concern, but now they fall on one's shoulders.I heard no complaints and no credit.Especially after the fall of my hometown, the situation in the local area was even worse. A county town in Dou Da was full of the most complicated situations.I can devote my whole heart to my work because of someone who puts all my energy on my family.My own achievements are only a little bit, but when I count these kinds of writings, I can't forget the boudoir thousands of miles away.I think among all my achievements, this is the partner that I work with. Another one is thousands of miles away and is currently on a foreign trip.Our acquaintance was more than thirty years ago.We have been taught by elementary school teachers together, and we have heard the sound of the Thames River together; after that, we have enjoyed the first moon in East Lake and the evening bell in Leshan in the more than ten years of our colleagues.Among our colleagues, I have read all his works, and none of my works has not been ordered by him.When the book was written, he didn't have time to read it, but the original plan was discussed with him.From him, I received a lot of encouragement and a lot of assistance; but because of the frequent encounters in the past, I didn't feel the need to thank him.Now I have to tell him that thousands of miles of turbulent oceans cannot block the friendship promised in a lifetime. Work hard, I hope to have better achievements and repay the general friendly concerns. On August 6, 1943, Zhu Dongrun’s preface was in his residence in Baixi, Chongqing.