Chapter 17 Chapter Five: The Pillars of the Power II, the Standing Army and the Secret Service Network

Zhu Yuanzhang's highly centralized feudal ruling regime based on the small and medium landlord class played a role in suppressing people's resistance and defending national defense through a huge standing army and a strict spy network. During the Hongwu Dynasty, apart from the many uprisings of secret religious believers and ethnic minorities, there were more peasant uprisings without religious color than in any previous historical period. According to historical records, before Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor, the peasants had already risen to resist.In the eleventh year of Longfeng (1365 A.D.) in Yuanling, Chenzhou, Guangxi in July, in Xinzhou, Jiangxi Province in November, in Qingtian, Chuzhou, Zhejiang Province in February, and in Lingxian County, Yongning in December, peasant uprisings took place.After being proclaimed emperor, in the first year of Hongwu, Zhejiang Changguozhou, Wenzhou Nanxi, three years Shandong Yi, Pishanmin, Zhejiang Longquan, Fujian Quanzhou Huian, Huguang Suining, six years Fuzhou Fushanmin, Wenzhou Fu, Fujian Luoyuan, Gutian, Lianzhou, Guangdong, Fangzhou, Huguang, Yilun, Danzhou, Yongfu, Guangxi, Ten years, Lingbi, Suzhou, Quanzhou, Fujian, Twelve years, Haiyang, Chaozhou, Fujian, Longyan, Zhangzhou, Fujian, Qingyuan, Guangdong, Fourteen years, Zhangzhou Nanjing, Gutian, Zhejiang Qu, Chu, and Wen Sanfu Shanmin, Chaozhou Haiyang, Chengxiang, Fujian Fuan, Guangzhou Haikou, Zhangzhou Longyan, 15 years, Huizhou Longchuan Heyuan, Chaozhou Haiyang, Hainan Huitong Wenchang, Wanzhou and Yazhou, 19 years Chengxiang, Chaozhou, Boluo, Huizhou for 20 years, Yingde, Shaozhou for 21 years, Haiyang, Chaozhou, Longchuan, Huizhou, Shaozhou, Guangdong for 22 years, Dongguan, Guangdong for 26 years, Yazhou, Guangdong for 28 years, In the 29th year, peasant riots broke out in Lianshan, Guangdong.It is worth noting that this series of armed struggles against peasants, except for the riots in Shandong Yi and Pishan in the third year of Hongwu, all took place in the area south of the Yangtze River where the economy is relatively developed. , Guangdong Haiyang three times, Chengxiang twice, Longchuan twice, Fujian Longyan and Gutian twice each.In terms of provinces, more than 20 cases occurred in Guangdong alone.For example, the Guangzhou pirates in the 14th year of Hongwu. Cao Zhen claimed to be Wanhu, and Su Wenqing called himself Marshal. They joined Shan Zhidao, Li Ziwen, and Li Pingchi to set up a dangerous camp and attacked Dongguan, South China Sea, Zhaoqing, and Wengyuan. The counties were suppressed by the government army, killing more than 5,000 people, capturing more than 20,000 people, and more than 8,000 family members.In October of the fifteenth year, Zhao Yong, Marquis of Nanxiong, suppressed the uprising of King Pingping in Guangdong, beheaded more than 8,800 people, captured 17,850 people, had more than 16,000 family members, and surrendered 13,200 people. Sixty-seven households.There are two main reasons for the uprising, one is the corruption of the officials, and the other is the harassment of the guarding officers and soldiers, that is, the officials force the people to rebel.In the end, the uprisings all ended in bloody suppression by the huge standing army of the feudal dynasty and failed.

The task of the standing army in the country is to suppress popular uprisings. The standing army established by Zhu Yuanzhang was closely integrated with agricultural production and gradually built up.After conquering Jiqing, the policy of garrisoning fields was strictly implemented, and food was widely accumulated to supply military supplies.He and Liu Ji studied the ancient military system and summed up historical experience: the advantage of the conscription system is that all soldiers are recruited from all over the country. Protracted wars will affect rural production.The advantage of the military recruitment system is that most of the recruits are unemployed vagrants. Serving as a soldier is a profession. The training period is longer and the combat capability is higher. The number of soldiers and service time are not limited by agricultural production. The burden is heavy, and most of the soldiers recruited are of unknown origin, without the concern of clan and family, it is easy to flee and rebel.A better way is to compromise between the two, absorbing their advantages and avoiding their disadvantages. The main principle is to combine the armed forces with the production forces, which can not only allow flexible command, but also avoid excessive financial burdens.According to the actual situation, Liu Ji established the Weisuo system after discussion and research.

There are four sources of soldiers in the guard: one is conscription, that is, the troops commanded by Guo Zixing during the uprising, that is, Guo Zixing's basic troops and the armed forces of landlords from all over the country recruited by himself; The army; one is exiled hair, which refers to those who were punished for crimes and served as the army, also known as the Enjun;The first two are the original armed forces when the system was established, and the latter two are supplementary armed forces. In particular, the stacked army accounts for a large proportion in number.Soldiers from these four sources are all hereditary. In order to ensure that the fixed posts are full, the law stipulates that soldiers must marry wives and inherit them from generation to generation.The principle of racial continuity was applied to the armed forces, and the barracks became the collective family of arms.

The army has a special social status.In the household registration of the Ming Dynasty, military registration, civilian registration, and craftsman registration were the main household registrations.Military registration belongs to the Dudufu, civil registration belongs to the Ministry of Households, and craftsman registration belongs to the Ministry of Industry.Soldiers are not under the jurisdiction of ordinary local administrative officials, and their identity, legal, and economic status are different from those of civilian households. The military and civilians are completely separated.As compensation, if one member of the civilian household is enlisted in the army, one member of the household can be exempted from the service.When a sergeant arrives at the garrison, the clan will dress him up for him.The sergeants in the guards are not only the main army themselves, but their children are called Yu Ding or Junyu, and the children of the general school are called Sheren.The living expenses of the sergeants were generally paid by the emperor from the grain obtained from farming, and rice was distributed on a monthly basis, which was called monthly grain.It is stipulated that the monthly support of the horse army is two stones, the infantry general flag is one stone and five buckets, the small flag is one stone two buckets, and the infantry army is one stone.Those who defended the city were paid according to the number, and those who garrisoned the fields received half of it.Enjun's family has four or more members, one stone, six for less than three members, and four for those who have no family members.Clothes are winter clothes, cotton cloth, summer clothes and summer cloth, and fat jackets, shoes and trousers are given as usual when going out for an expedition.After Yuanzhang crossed the river, the generals who surrendered all used their original titles.In April of the tenth year of Dragon and Phoenix, Wu Fa was established, and the titles of generals were determined according to the number of troops they led. After counting and editing, those with five thousand soldiers were the commanders, those with a thousand soldiers were the one thousand households, those with a hundred people were the hundred households, and those with fifty soldiers were the commanders. One person is the general flag, and ten people are the small flags.On this basis, the organization of the standing army is divided into two levels: the guard and the station: generally 5,600 people are a guard, and the chief of the guard is the commander.Wei is divided into five thousand households, each with 1,120 people, and the chief is the thousand households.There are ten hundreds of households under the thousand households, and each hundred households has 120 people, and the chief is the hundred households.Under one hundred households, there are two general banners and ten small banners. One general banner leads five small banners, and the small banners lead ten sergeants.The big and small leagues are like an army.The distribution of the guards is based on geographical dangers, and small bases are set up; the establishment of guards related to several strongholds gathers several guards and bases in a military area, and sets up the commander of the capital. As the highest military commanding organization in the military area, the commander is the commander .Guards were built one after another. By the 25th year of Hongwu, there were 17 commanding and envoys across the country, 329 guards in the capital and other places, and 65 guarding thousands of households.The distribution of military power in the capital and local areas is as follows

┏━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━┳┳━━━━━┓ ┃┃Military officer (officer) sergeant (person)┃horse (horse)┃ ┣━━━━╋━━━━━┳━━━━━━╋━━━━━┫┫ ┃Jingshi┃2, 747┃206, 280┃4, 751┃ ┣━━━━╋━━━━━╋━━━━━━╋━━━━━┫┫ ┃Place┃13,742┃992,154┃40,329┃ ┗━━━━┻━━━━━┻━━━━━━┻━━━━━┛┛ The total number of National Guards is 1.2 million.The Commanders and Envoys of the Seventeenth Capitals belonged to the five armies of the dynasty respectively. The military food came from the farmland, roughly learning the method of Zhao Chongguo in the Han Dynasty, and opened a village on the border. Some soldiers served as guards, and some soldiers were assigned to cultivate the fields.The purpose is to reclaim wasteland, increase production, provide sufficient military food, save transportation costs, and reduce financial burdens.After the achievements in opening up the frontiers, the inland guards also opened up farming successively. Each army was awarded 50 mu of land for one point, and the officials gave cattle and farm tools. The rent and tax were exempted for the first few years. A bucket of tax per mu.It is stipulated that three-tenths of the defenders in the frontier will guard the city and seven will be stationed in the village, while in the interior, two tenths will guard the city and eighth will be stationed in the village.There are more than 893,000 hectares of land farmed by the army in all parts of the country, which is equivalent to about one-tenth of the total cultivated land in the country.In addition to military settlements, there are also commercial settlements.When the frontier defenders encountered accidents and food difficulties, the imperial court used the method of opening China to help.The feudal dynasty controlled a large amount of grain and salt, but the transportation cost of transporting grain from the grain production area to the border was often five or six times that of the grain transported, which was too expensive and extremely uneconomical.The merchants have capital, and the profit from selling salt is huge, but the salt is monopolized by the imperial dynasty, and the merchants cannot get it.The opening of the Chinese law requires merchants to transport a certain amount of grain to the border, and after receiving the receipt, they can go to the salt producing area to receive equivalent salt, and sell it freely, thereby earning huge profits.Merchants are the most scheming, and there are wastelands on the border, so they simply hire people to set up farmland at the border and pay the grain on the spot, which can save several times the shipping cost.In this specific exchange process, the frontier army had enough food, and the feudal dynasty not only saved a lot of shipping costs, but also saved trouble; settlement.

During the battle, although a general was appointed as the commander in chief, Zhu Yuanzhang also personally guided the attack strategy and decided the forward action based on the obtained military information and actual experience, even for the most trusted generals Xu Da and Li Wenzhong.For example, the warrant given to Xu Da on April 18, the first year of Wu's first year, after punishing the military operation, went on to say: My experience is just like this.Every time you (you) see the strong and convenient, follow your every opinion, don't cling to my words, I'm afraid I won't see you everywhere, and I will teach you how to do things that are difficult.April of the third year of Hongwu: Tell the general to know.This is what I said while sitting at home. It is not convenient to know that the army is in the army, so you can just pick the lunch box in the army.Warrant to Li Wenzhong: Talking to Baoer and Laoer: Although I said this, it is better to know more about the measurement than in the army, and to adapt to the situation.After the Northern Expedition set off in the first year of Hongwu, he personally drew the battle map and sent envoys to Xu Da.Put forward your own opinion to the commander in front, and explain that it is only for reference. If it does not conform to the actual situation in the army, you can choose the convenient place in the army.However, when it comes to relevant issues of principle, the orders issued are very firm and cannot be changed.For example, the principle of dealing with the surrender of generals and troops, the decree on the fifth day of November in the eleventh year of Longfeng: Wu Wang personally wrote: the internal envoy Zhu Ming went to the army, and said that he would communicate with the general Zuo Xiangguo Xu Da and the deputy general Ping Zhangchang Yuchun informed the meeting: Jieyin arrived in the capital on the fourth day of November, and the Zhijun captured more than 60,000 bandits and leaders, but they captured so many that it was difficult to imprison them.Send someone to go today and teach you to keep 10,000 to 20,000 of the elite and brave Lieutenant General Zhang (Shicheng) in each army.If he is unfit to be employed, he will be secretly removed from the army. It is not necessary to remove him, but the big boss will be a famous one.In March of the twelfth year, Xu Da was severely reprimanded for killing the enemy's leader: Wu Wang ordered that when Xu Da, the commander-in-chief, attacked Gaoyou, many small troops were killed in the city, but none of the leaders were killed.When the army arrives in Huai'an, it will be surrendered if it is ordered. This is due to the enticement of Sizhou leader Qingfan Huangqi, not your credit.If it's March already, and Huai'an is not yet here, because you don't kill people, you say you will come.Obedience to performers!He paid great attention to the handling of the surrendered generals of the Yuan Dynasty, and repeatedly asked him to send envoys to Xu Da and Chang Yuchun's army three times within ten days in December of the first year of Wu Dynasty. There are dozens of cities in Lu, and they seek it from the ancients, although Han Xin's function is nothing more than that.However, when things change, we must not ignore it.Although all the generals in Shandong have paid for it today, they have not sent a single person here.If you stay and surrender, you will lay out the old land, which is the so-called legacy of raising tigers.In the past, Guangwu of the Han Dynasty ordered Feng Yiping to serve in the three auxiliary camps, and the descendant sent his commander-in-chief to the capital to scatter the small people, ordered them to destroy the camps, and did not allow them to reunite. The ancients thought deeply, and the generals thought about it.Zhang Xingzu, the commander-in-chief of the governor, went down to the prefectures and counties of Shandong Province and got thousands of soldiers and horses. He used the surrendered generals and old soldiers to accompany the army in the Northern Expedition.Wen Xingzu's command is about to fall, and there are thousands of cavalry leading the horse army. If they face the enemy, their power will not be enough to add up, so there will be changes. How can we control it?The envoy told Xingzu that in the future, only the generals, officials and Confucian scholars would be available, and all of them would be sent to the capital, and they were not allowed to stay.They also sent envoys to tell Xu Da and Chang Yuchun: "I heard that the army went to Shandong and passed through counties and counties. Many officials from the province and court of Yuan Dynasty came to surrender. The two generals stayed in the army.I worry that if it is mixed with our army, if we encounter enemies during the day or robbers at night, there will be unpredictable events, which are not in our interest.Because this generation first succumbed to power, it may not be possible to do what it wants, so it is better to send it among our officials and family members, so that we can get closer to each other day by day, and then use it without any future troubles.This is because they have accepted the lesson of Wang Xuan and Wang Xin's surrender and rebellion in Yizhou in November last year, and they have repeatedly warned the generals to be vigilant.The later facts also proved Yuanzhang's foresight. In February of the first year of Hongwu, Le'an Yu Sheng rebelled, and Qiao Qianyuan rebelled to Jinan in the seventh month of the first year of Hongwu. Loss.

There is an order to rectify the discipline of the army. In March of the twelfth year of the Dragon and Phoenix, Yuan Zhang lost his temper: (Zhang Shicheng's army) Most of the men's wives were captured in Gaoyou.This one is heavier than the killer one!When the city is broken, it is irrelevant to kill all the leaders and soldiers.I took my wife captive, and sent some elite men to come to me. I lost my clothes and food, and I wasted too much time to keep them.Killed the man and kidnapped the wife and children, the enemy knew, wouldn't they resist?Xingye asked Deputy Envoy Feng to go to the front of the army, but if there are commanders, thousands of households, hundreds of households and the commander-in-chief's companions, those who kidnap women will cut off their heads.The crime of the chief soldier, speak to him when you come back.Feng's deputy envoy is Feng Sheng.From the time of Xiahezhou, Zhu Yuanzhang paid great attention to military discipline and returned captured women.After twelve years, the military discipline of Xiwu is the best among all the uprising heroes.However, with the continuous victories of the war and the expansion of the territory, the composition of many landlord armed troops became more and more complicated, and incidents of violating military discipline continued to occur. The discipline of the whole army was thus improved.The history of the violation of military discipline in the Gaoyou campaign is as follows: the general officer Xu Da besieged Gaoyou, but he returned to rescue Yixing, ordered Feng Sheng to attack the army, and the Gaoyou defender feigned surrender. Feng Shengling commanded Kangtai to bring hundreds of people into the city. Close the city gate and kill them all.Yuanzhang was so angry that he called Feng Sheng back, beat him ten times, and fined him to walk back to Gaoyou.Feng Sheng was ashamed and angry and attacked the city with all his strength. Xu Da also returned from Yixing to join the attack and took down Gaoyou.As soon as they entered the city, they had to avenge their grievances, and they forgot the restraints they had held for many years.

The secret service network is mainly composed of inspection school and Jinyiwei. The school inspector is a special agent specially appointed by Zhu Yuanzhang. His job is to specialize in investigating the injustice, lawlessness, and rumors of officials in the big and small yamen in Beijing.One of the most famous bosses is Gao Jianxian, and he works with Xia Yu, Yang Xian, Ling Shuo, etc., to report on other people's private activities, and to investigate and fight.Bing Masi commanded Ding Guangyan to patrol the streets and cause trouble, and anyone who did not have a guide (pass) was arrested and exiled.When Yuan Zhang tasted it, he said: "With these few people, for example, if someone raises a vicious dog, people will be afraid."Gao Jianxian's suggestion: In Beijing, there is no lack of resentment for criminals who have committed stolen goods and judged officials. How can we allow them to live under the chariot?And the officials who committed crimes abroad, sent to Jiangbei and Hezhou together, did nothing to live and sit, there were a lot of barren fields, and each person was allocated 20 mu for reclamation, and they also got people to pay for food as errands.Considering the situation at that time, this opinion was correct and reasonable, and Zhu Yuanzhang accepted it.But he offended the bureaucrats, and later he himself was impeached by Yang Xianju, and he farmed in Hezhou. Those who farmed in Jiangbei before all pointed at his face and scolded him. This road was opened by you, and it is here today, which is a retribution.Was killed soon.Xia Yu and Ding Guangyan also broke the law and were killed one after another.When these people gained power, even Yuanzhang's most trusted hero, Li Shanchang, and others were afraid of them, and they were worried day and night.

The officer of the imperial guards sent the inspector: Jin Qian, the governor of the Jinwu guard, can be seen from Yuan Zhang's count of his crimes as a trusted figure: I thought it must be sincere, and I entrusted it to my confidant. Although there were confidential matters, I also ordered the investigation Yan.Why bother to get together? In the fifth year of Longfeng, why did the guards under the tent go to investigate the movement of Ou Pingzhang, the guard of Yuanzhou in Jiangxi, and use the two stone lion tails in front of Ou Pingzhang's house as evidence.There is a small pioneer Zhang Huan, who was the personal companion of Yuan Zhang when he was still in Wuzhou in the early days.One night, when Yuanzhang went out for a private visit, he was stopped by patrol troops and asked who it was. Zhang Huan replied: "It's my lord."The patrol was angry: I don't know who the adults are, but those who commit crimes at night will be arrested.It took a long while to explain.Zhang Liangcai, a musician, spoke plain language (that is, storytelling), wrote a post for the Jiaofang Secretary of the Provincial Party Committee without authorization, and posted it on the gatepost of the market. When he was accused, Yuan Zhang was furious and said, "You little bitch, you should not be pampered!"Ask the little vanguard Zhang Huan to tie up Le Ren and throw him into the water.Twelve years after Longfeng, Zhang Huan was often sent as a special envoy to convey orders and inspect affairs in the front army.Xu Da entered Dadu, sealed the gate of Yuangu Palace, and ordered Zhang Huan to guard it with thousands of soldiers.There are also Mao Xiang and Geng Zhong. Mao Xiang is the son of Mao Qi, an early staff member.Mao Xiang has accumulated meritorious service from managing thousands of households in the army to the affairs of the governor, in charge of brocade clothes and guards, and instructing prisons. Later, he was implicated in the Hu Weiyong party case and was killed.Geng Zhong served as an official and served as the commander of the Datong Guard, but was also executed for corruption.

In addition to civil servants and military generals to be inspectors, monks are also selected to do this work.Wu Yin, Hua Keqin and others are all monks. Because of their meritorious service in investigating matters, they all returned to the vulgar and became high officials.In the matter, Chen Wenhui made great efforts to discuss it, thinking that since the ancient emperors, he has never heard of Jin, gentry and black people who live together as colleagues and can help each other.Now Xun and old Qi Dexian thinks about resigning from his salary and leaving his position, but Ziliufu is using slander, such as Liu Ji and Xu Dazhi guessed, Li Shanchang and Zhou Dexing were slandered, and Xiao He and Han Xin were regarded as dangerous and suspicious! .Liu Ji, Xu Da, Li Shanchang, Zhou Dexing and others were either guessed or slandered. The core internal contradictions of the feudal ruling group unfolded.

The footprints of the school are everywhere. Yuanzhang once sent people to investigate the family members of the generals. A female monk lured the wives of Huagao and Hu Dahai to worship the Western monks and practice the Jintian teaching method. The monks were thrown into the water together.Wu Yuannian received a report and asked the commander in chief to bring a Mani (Manichaean).In the fourth year of Hongwu's order: There is a black monk in Beiping City who goes in and out of various officials' doors, and jokes with them as usual, so as not to guard against him.Another monk was from Jiangxi, who was born as a scholar. He failed in the previous Yuan examination, so he became a monk and talked with various officials in the city.Another Huo, whose surname is Cui, is from the Chief Military Officer Zhuang, and there are unknown number of Goryeos in hiding.When the time comes to make documents, you can send people to teach them.An imperial doctor from Jiangxi was promoted by the former Yuan Dynasty, that is, he was free to use various officials, and he directed Sun Cang to have two Huihui, and Jin Yourang Fu's slaves also taught them to send them.The investigation was very clear and conclusive.Qian Zai was conscripted to compile "Mencius Festival", and he recited poems at the end of the court: "Dongdong wears clothes on the four drums. It's too late to meet at the Meridian Gate. When can I enjoy the pastoral pleasure and sleep until the food is cooked in the world."The next day, Yuan Zhang said to him: "I wrote a good poem yesterday, but I don't dislike it. How about changing it to worry?"Qian Zai was so frightened that he was sweating all over, kowtowed to apologize.Song Lian's character is sincere and sincere, once he treated a guest to drink.The next day, Yuanzhang asked him if he had drunk yesterday, what kind of food did he invite?Song Lian answered honestly, and Yuan Zhang smiled and said, "That's right, you didn't lie to me."Song Na, the son of the state, sat alone and was angry, with an angry look on his face.During the court meeting, Yuan Zhang asked him why he was angry yesterday. Song Na was taken aback and told the truth.Yuanzhang asked someone to show the portrait he had secretly painted for him, and he understood.Wu Lin, Minister of the Ministry of Officials, returned to Huanggang when she was old. Yuanzhang sent someone to investigate. From a distance, he saw a farmer sitting on a stilt, getting up to plant rice seedlings, looking very dignified.The envoy asked: Is there such a person as Wu Shangshu here?The farmer crossed his hands and replied: Lin is.Yuan Zhang liked the envoy's return.All ministries in Nanjing wear lacquer scarves, except for the Ministry of Rites. All yamen have gates, but only the Ministry of War does not. It is said that this is also what the emperor did.It turns out that there are inspectors in each yamen to observe secretly. One day, a Zaoli from the Ministry of Rites was taking a nap and his paint towel was taken away.One night there was no one on guard at the Ministry of War, and the door was carried away.I didn't dare to make a sound after I found out, so I used it as an allusion.The meritorious officials of Gonghou Bo gave the soldiers 112 people to serve as guards, and one person from one hundred households was set up to lead them. An iron book was issued, explaining that when his life test (death) and his descendants were attacked, all soldiers would enter the guard.Called the Iron Book Army.In fact, it was because of the ulterior motives of the defense heroes that ad hoc Iron Book Army was set up to supervise them.Zhu Yuanzhang not only sent inspectors to investigate the officials and the people, but sometimes he even personally investigated.For example, Luo Furen was an old minister of Chen Youliang. After he surrendered, he became a scholar of Hongwenguan. He spoke Jiangxi dialect and was a simple hostage.One day, Yuanzhang suddenly ran to Luo's house. Luo's house was in a small alley outside the city. It was dilapidated and dilapidated with several old houses.Honest Luo was painting the walls on the ladder. When he saw the emperor coming, he panicked and asked his woman to hold a small stool and ask the emperor to sit down.When Yuanzhang saw that he was really poor, the boss was not satisfied, and said: How can a good scholar live in such a dilapidated house!Immediately reward a large mansion in the city. Procuratorate is a job, not a formal institution. It can only perform investigations and investigations, and has no power to detain criminals or execute them.After the Hu Weiyong case, the internal struggle of the ruling class became more and more acute. In the 15th year of Hongwu, a special secret service agency was established with a special court and prison called Jinyiwei. The predecessor of Jinyiwei was the Gongwei Division established in the first year of Wu. In the third year of Hongwu, it was changed to the pro-army Duwei's Mansion, which was in charge of the left, right, front, front and back five guards, and in the fifteenth year it was changed to Jinyiwei. Jinyiwei has one commander, three ranks, two acquaintances, three ranks, three ranks, four ranks, two townspeople, five ranks, fourteen thousand households, fourteen people, five ranks, deputy thousand households follow five ranks , a hundred households and six products.In charge of generals, strong men, school lieutenants, guards, arrests, and prisons.All thieves and traitors should be secretly visited, and the streets and ditches should be watched frequently. It is a well-organized military spy agency, which has no affiliation with the imperial government, ministries, and courts. It is directly commanded by the emperor and is only responsible to the emperor. Jinyiwei set up an experience department, and the palm text was moved in and out.Set up the town Fusi, who is in charge of the name of the guard and the punishment, and also manages the military craftsman, which is called the edict prison by the people.After the fifteenth year of Hongwu, Zhu Yuanzhang used these spies, courts and prisons to hand over all political felons in the country to be judged and executed.After six years, the task of suppressing unruly gossip came to an end. In the 20th year of Hongwu's reign, he ordered the Jinyiwei's torture devices to be burned, and the prisoner was handed over to the Ministry of Punishment.After another six years, the criminals in the Hu Weiyong and Lan Yu cases have been dealt with, and it is stated again that all cases will be handled by the court justice department, and the internal and external criminal and prison affairs will no longer be handled by Jin Yiwei.But this decree did not last long. After Ming Chengzu ascended the throne, he re-used Jinyiwei to suppress the subjects of Emperor Jianwen and restored the prison.After that, the emperors of all dynasties relied on Jinyiwei as their eyes and ears, and used internal officials to supervise the East and West factories (imperial prisons). A penalty that is closely related to Jinyiwei is called the court stick, which is to punish officials with the stick in the palace.Jin Yiwei learned from the imperial edicts of the previous dynasty, while the court staff learned from the methods of the Yuan Dynasty.Famous examples, Yuanzhang’s nephew Zhu Wenzheng was killed by the cane, Yongjia Hou Zhu Liang’s father and son were killed by the cane, Minister of the Ministry of Industry Xue Xiang was killed by the cane, and Mrs. Ru was killed by the cane. white.This method was also inherited by his descendants as the ancestral system until the Zhu family's ruling power was overthrown. The local government sets up inspection departments, which are generally established in the key points of Guanjin in foreign prefectures and counties. There are inspections and deputy inspections.The authority is to arrest thieves and interrogate traitors and hypocrites.At traffic hubs, they focus on cross-examining spies and criminals who sell smuggled salt, escaped prisoners, and do not introduce suspicious people. Guides are guides. Zhu Yuanzhang developed the ancient biography and Guosuo, and based on this system, he formulated guides, that is, passes or ID cards.The law stipulates that all military and civilian contacts must be checked and cited when they travel hundreds of miles away. If there is no written quotation, they must be captured and sent to officials.It is still allowed for everyone to sue first, those who get the truth will be rewarded, and those who condone will be guilty of the same crime.The level of punishment is eighty sticks for those who pass through Guanjin without a document, and ninety sticks for those who pass through the gate if they cannot pass through the gate, and ninety sticks for those who pass through the gate without crossing the border; The border is twisted.The difference between the army and the civilians: If the army and the civilians are not cited when they are hundreds of miles away, the army will be regarded as fleeing the army, and the civilians will be regarded as privately spending Guanjin.This system limits the scope of action of the army and civilians to within a hundred miles.Lu Yin had to be requested from the magistrate, and if he couldn't get it, he couldn't move a hundred miles away. The inspection department is only set up at the traffic rush, and it is impossible to comprehensively restrain the people's actions.So Li Jia was given the task of assisting the inspection department to perform inspections.In the 19th year of Hongwu, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered the people to know each other. Knowing means understanding the situation. He said: It is said that all neighbors of people who know each other and know each other's business are all in Lijia.Counties, prefectures, and states must be well informed.Shaw is never allowed in Shicun.If there is a difference in the four karma, the name will be removed from the household of the Buddhist monk.Anyone who has a husband, except for public occupation, has four industries, which must be effective. One, the method of knowing the people, how many people are the people of a certain country, who are the ones who are trained in agriculture, who are the ones who are trained in the business, who are the ones who are in the industry, and who are the ones who are in business.And those who want to be scholars aspire to be scholars. When they enter school, their teachers and friends are certain, and they have learned something. If they are not social studies, they will study in the county.A man who has been accomplished is a teacher of a man who is not yet accomplished, and his neighbors must know where the apprentice is.How many people come and go can be verified, and it is no different. One, farmers don't travel within a mile, go out at night and go in at night, and know each other's work and rest. 1. For the industry of specialized workers, if you travel far, you will be able to find out where you are. If you work in the state, you must know where you are going. The big and small deeds will be learned by neighbors. The big ones will return late, and the small ones will return to disease. First, the business has its size, and the goods have their weight, and the distance they go to, land and water, is clear in the introduction.The return date is difficult, and the neighbors must know it well.If there is no letter for many years, and if you don't return after two years, the neighbors should feel (report) and inquire about it.If the household or the entrusted businessman is doing something wrong outside, the neighbors should not do it. (The neighbors are not jointly and severally responsible for doing bad things outside the household under the guise of doing business.) Shaw refers to vagrants.The decree stipulates that Lijia's neighbors are responsible for arresting Shaw, and if they fail to do so, they will be punished with consecutive sittings.He went on to say: Within a mile, within a hundred households, there are still Shaws, Lijia sits and watches, neighbors and relatives do not take them, and their Shaws are either in the public house or in the city. The relocation of the neighbors to the outside world is not a false show.Emphatically cautioned: As soon as this patent came out, it spread all over the world starting from Beijing.All subjects, going out at night and coming in at night, must calmly inspect their lives.When the people in the market place are away from home, they distinguish people's physiology and examine people's attention. Physiology is their profession, and the appearance is consistent without difference.Although the karma is combined with the introduction, and you know the importance of the big and the small, the high and the low, if there is any inconsistency in the importance, or the subtleties, it must be false and others. Different actions, non-actions, other actions, and other reasons are all Zhu Yuanzhang's legal terms. Different actions and non-actions mean unruly and illegal, while other actions and other reasons have the meaning of secrets and problems.The former warrant is the obligation of Lijia and neighbors to know each other and the law of connection with Shaw, while the latter warrant is specifically for the floating population, especially handicraftsmen and businessmen.The consequences of his predecessor Peng Yingyu's secret preaching in Huaixi are the most practical lessons for him.He accepted this lesson and combined the Luyin system and the Lijia system, which played an auxiliary role in the inspection department, and also played a role in controlling and suppressing people who opposed feudal rule. To organize such forces and institutions to carry out nationwide surveys, registrations, initiations, and cross-examinations requires great efforts, well-prepared plans, and necessary supervision.After nearly 30 years of constant struggle, Zhu Yuanzhang and his assistants have accumulated rich experience, and gradually developed and consolidated their own ruling institutions and deterrent forces, making them more complete than previous generations.