(Part 1) Fan Li Fan Li knew very well that the reason why he was appointed was that Yue State wanted to implement the policy of enriching the country and strengthening the army.After achieving the goal of revitalizing the Yue Kingdom and letting Gou Jian dominate, Fan Li immediately considered changing his status.He believes that a famous reputation can be preserved temporarily, but it is difficult to maintain it for a long time. 【Try your guts】 Fan Li's deeds are also recorded in "The Family of Goujian, King of Yue" and "Biography of Huozhi" in "Historical Records".This may be because he was a famous minister of Yue State, and after resigning, he became an industrialist, and he had two roles in one person.However, no matter whether he is a famous minister or a big industrialist, he is engaged in the same business, so he is definitely not a person with dual personality.

Yue is said to be a descendant of Yu, based in Kuaiji, and its territory is about today's Zhejiang Province.Kuaiji is now Shaoxing, the birthplace of Lu Xun and Zhou Enlai.In fact, Yu Temple is still preserved in the local area to commemorate his achievements in water control. Writing was invented in the north, so most of the records in China focus on the Central Plains (the middle reaches of the Yellow River).It was already the late Spring and Autumn Period when Yuezhi stepped onto the stage of history. The ancestor of Yue, according to "Historical Records" is: Tattoos and broken hair, covered with grass and town.

Later, after more than 20 generations, a chief named Yunchang appeared. At that time, he fought with King Helu of Wu and fought against each other.Therefore, Yue appeared in the history of Wu. In the tenth year of Wu Helu (505 BC), because the King of Wu had led his army to attack Chu from the west in the previous year, and there was no one in the country, the Vietnamese army took the opportunity to attack Wu, which was like an empty nest. Yunchang of Yue State passed away, and the young Goujian (or written as Goujian) succeeded him as king. When Wu heard the news, he led his troops to attack Yue.This happened in 496 BC.Yue was good at fighting and defeated Wu.In this battle, King Helu of Wu injured his finger. Before he died, he left the last words to his prince Fucha:

Don't forget that Gou Jian killed your father. In three years, Fu Chai organized the army and trained in military affairs.Goujian, the king of Yue, took advantage of Wu's pre-emptive attack and attacked, but was defeated. He was surrounded in Kuaiji and surrendered soon. There is an idiom called lying on firewood and tasting gall, which means sleeping on firewood, licking and tasting the gall, and then telling yourself: Don’t forget the shame of Kuaiji! In "Historical Records" there is only taste of guts, but in "Wu Yue Chunqiu" there is a salary.In addition, it is recorded in the "Eighteen Histories" that it was Fuchai, the king of Wu, who was lying on the salary, and Goujian, the king of Yue, was the one who tasted courage.

This means that both of them have gone through hardships and are determined to revenge. Fan Li assisted Goujian, king of Yue, and Wu Zixu assisted Fuchai, king of Wu. The battle between Wu and Yue is not only the battle between Fucha and Goujian, but also the battle between Wu Zixu and Fan Li. According to "The Spring and Autumn Annals of Wuyue", after the defeat of Kuaiji, Yue sent the peerless beauty Xishi to Wu, intending to make the king of Wu corrupt. This was a trick of Fan Li. The deeds of Xi Shi are scattered in the books of various schools of thought, so Sima Qian also knows, but he did not record Xi Shi's affairs in "Historical Records".Maybe it's because he thinks it's more likely to be a legend!

Regarding Fan Li's origin, some books say that he was from Nanyang (north of the Yellow River, near present-day Meng County), but others say that he was from Xu (lower reaches of the Zhun River, near present-day Sixian County).There is also a kind of Chu people who say that in short, he is not from Yue. Goujian is said to be the king of Yue in more than 20 generations, and the average life span of one life is 30 years, which means that Yue has a history of more than 600 years.If we go back from the year when Goujian ascended the throne (496 B.C.), the time of the founding of Yue should be at the end of Yin.Although the country has maintained a political power locally, it has not been recorded.When he arrived in Goujian, he suddenly jumped onto the stage of history because of the war with Wu.

Although not found in the classics, the State of Yue has always existed in this place.If the history of the Yue State really started at the end of the Yin Dynasty, then we can boldly infer the living conditions of the Yue people. The currency of the Yin Dynasty was Bei.The words expressing goods are almost always based on shells (such as gift, gift, goods, loan, purchase, bribe, capital, buy, trade, storage), which can be seen from this.This kind of shellfish is not found on the coast of the mainland, and it is valuable because it is rare.The largest producing area of ​​Zimbai is Miyako Island in Okinawa. If you want to collect it from the mainland, the more favorable the place is.

Since copper coins replaced shells as the currency of circulation, the activity of picking shells has gradually declined since the Zhou Dynasty.However, Yue did not change their intimate relationship with the sea because of the end of the Beibei era. The way of life of the Yue people includes not only fishing, but also maritime trade activities. Yue, which has a tradition of mining treasures (bei), is undoubtedly a wealthy country.Although it is far away from the center of orthodox culture and has not been included in the records, it can be speculated that Yue must be a rich country no less than the states of the Central Plains!

Fan Li, who is not from Yue, why did he become an official in Yue?Was it recruited by the king of Yue, or did he go to Vietnam to seek an official?It is impossible to test the specific situation, but since the country is more attractive, the possibility of him going there on his own may be higher. This charm, of course, also includes the feature of being rich. 【The Shame of Hueiji】 Fan Li was the general of Yue.In addition, there is also a doctor named Wen Zhong in Yue State.Wenzhong does not seem to be from Yue.Perhaps, Fan Li obtained his official position in Yue State through the recommendation of his language.Fan Li and Wen Zhong are regarded as excellent partners.

It is said that Fan Li once taught Ji Ran.Ji Ran is not a local, he met Fan Li when he traveled to Vietnam. Yue finally destroyed Wu and became the overlord at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. In the Spring and Autumn Period (771 BC︱403 BC), the Zhou royal family still existed in name only.Moreover, the separatist princes in various places still supported the King of Zhou formally, and the most powerful among them became the overlord.The overlord must support the king of Zhou and command the world.The princes of the Spring and Autumn Period did not want to overthrow the Zhou royal family, but were dedicated to enriching the country and strengthening the army for the supremacy.

Five overlords appeared in this era, known as the Spring and Autumn Five Overlords.They are Duke Huan of Qi, Duke Wen of Jin, King Zhuang of Chu, King Fuchai of Wu, and King Goujian of Yue. It cannot but be said that it is a rare thing that the country of Yue suddenly became the overlord as soon as it entered the stage of history.Taking Wu as an example, "Historical Records" also listed six kings including Shou Meng, Zhu Fan, Yu Ji, Yu Mei, Liao, and He Lu (Lu) before Fu Chai.In contrast, Yue only recorded the appearance of Goujian, saying that he was the son of Yunchang, and he immediately became the overlord. In fact, this is not a miracle, it's just that the events of the Yue Kingdom in the past have not been included in the records.They have a tradition of treasure hunting, and they often travel across the sea to carry out commercial activities, so they naturally have strong financial resources. But what is very interesting is that Fan Li, Wen Zhong, and Ji Ran, who made great contributions to the prosperity of the Yue Kingdom, all came from other places.Perhaps it is Yue's oceanic and open temperament that enables it to accept many talents! Among the three foreign staff, Ji Ran is the most inconspicuous.Although he is Fan Li's teacher, some people say that Ji Ran is not a person's name but a book title.The success of Yue’s policy of enriching the country and strengthening the army is due to the contribution of Fan Li and Wen Zhong, but their respective roles and duties are not very clear.Just because Wen Zhong was called a doctor and was in charge of administration, Fan Li was naturally regarded as a military staff officer.Yue tasted the bitter fruit in Kuaiji because Gou Jian did not use Fan Li's words.After the defeat, when Gou Jian planned to entrust the state affairs to Fan Li, Fan Li declined and said: Li is not as good as planting Li for military affairs; it is not as good as Li for subduing the country and attaching itself to the people. It means that please entrust the affairs of state to Wen Zhong.In this way, Goujian sent Fan Li to the state of Wu as a hostage.This may be Wu Guo came to ask for hostages!The hostage had to be an important person, and since Fan Li was Goujian's confidant, Wu would naturally accept it. Fan Li, who resigned from the position of prime minister, went to Wu as a hostage must be out of his own will.After all, there is no better way to scout Wu and corrupt Wu than to go deep into the local area. Fan Li stayed in Wu for two years as a hostage, naturally observing the internal situation of Wu carefully and planning secretly. Wu Zixu of the state of Wu was in opposition to Dazai (Prime Minister) Pi.When Goujian, king of Yue, was besieged in Kuaiji, he bribed Pi and asked him to intercede with King Wu, so he finally saved his life.The confrontation between the two became fiercer, and Fu Chai, the king of Wu, listened to Pi's slander, and finally bestowed Wu Zixu with death.This is the case on the surface, but the inside story of the confrontation between the two important ministers may be due to Fan Li's scheme. Fu Chai didn't believe in the slander at first, but when he learned that Wu Zixu had entrusted his son to Bao Shi, an important minister of Qi State, when he learned that Wu Zixu was visiting Qi as an envoy, his suspicion deepened.Perhaps Wu Zixu also despaired of Wu. On the tomb of Shuwu is a catalpa, which can be used as a vessel (the coffin of King Wu).I set my eyes on Wu Dongmen, so as to see the destruction of Wu by Yue. This is Wu Zixu's very famous last words. Now that Wu Zixu is dead, Wu is nothing to fear.Gou Jian then wanted to take revenge on Wu, but Fan Li replied, "Not yet." In order to fight for hegemony, King Fuchai of Wu led his army to the north to conquer Qi and Lu and expand its territory.His eyes didn't go too far, because this opponent who was once trampled by him in Kuaiji had always adopted a very submissive attitude.At this time, Wu Zixu, who kept warning him to be careful of Yue, was dead.Fu Chai led the elite soldiers of the state of Wu to meet the princes in Huangchi in the north.As the overlord, commanding the princes, it is really incomparably proud. Now is the time! Fan Li finally agreed with Gou Jian to send troops. The elite soldiers marched northward, and only the left behind troops remained in Wu State, so the Vietnamese army rushed into Wu State and killed Wu Taizi.Fu Chai, King of Wu, heard news of changes in the country in Huangchi. Because he was meeting with the princes, he was worried that the world would know about it, so he privately asked for peace talks with the State of Yue after the princes' meeting. If it is an ordinary staff officer, he may take advantage of the victory and refuse the peace talks.The prince was killed, and the Wu army on the expedition should have been shaken at this moment.However, they were all elite troops carefully selected to meet the princes.Their families are still in Wu, and now they may fight to the death in order to save their homeland occupied by the enemy. This is a terrible opponent.Fan Li observed Wu when he was a hostage and knew Wu's strength.With the strength of Yue, it is still extremely difficult to suppress Wu in one fell swoop.Therefore, Fan Li immediately accepted the peace talks and withdrew the Yue army from Wu. Wu Jun, who returned to China safely, relaxed from the original tense state, and his military discipline also became loose.Due to several northern expeditions, the loss of capable officers and soldiers, coupled with the excessive demand for military resources, made Wu gradually exhausted. Fan Li waited for the opportunity to come, and he waited for four years, during which time he had of course been rectifying his armaments.Four years later, when the Vietnamese army attacked Wu, Fan Li had a good chance of winning, but he was not in a hurry.Suzhou, the capital of Wu, was besieged for three years.Fu Chai, king of Wu, guarded Gusu Mountain, and finally exhausted himself. When Wu pursued Yue to Kuaiji, he once allowed Goujian to beg for his life.Fucha, the king of Wu who was chased to Mount Gusu this time, also begged to be spared his life as he did back then. Gou Jian had been favored by Fu Chai, so he wanted to agree to his request, but Fan Li objected: For the matter of Kuaiji, Heaven bestowed upon Wu with Yue, but Wu did not take it.Today, if Wu is bestowed on Yue, the more he can defy the sky? So Wu died.If Gou Jian had allowed Wu to retain a little strength at the beginning, the more likely he would feel uneasy in the future! The time of Wu's demise in Gusu Mountain was 473 BC.It took 21 years to clear the shame of Kuaiji. [The cunning rabbit dies, the running dog cooks] The reason why the State of Yue employs foreigners is that although it is economically rich, its cultural level is not so high.Coupled with the fact that foreigners do not have many connections, the monarch can rest assured.At that time, China adopted the principle of big family. If a minister was appointed, his whole family would gain power. As long as he was not careful, the throne of the monarch might be lost. Fan Li knew very well that the reason why he was appointed was that Yue State wanted to implement the policy of enriching the country and strengthening the army.As soon as Wu fell, Yue sent troops to the north and became the overlord like Wu Wang Fuchai.Crossing the Huai River, meeting the princes of Qi and Jin in Xuzhou, paying tribute to the Zhou family, and returning the land that Wu had seized from the Song Dynasty to the Song Dynasty showed the prestige of the overlord, and the princes of the Central Plains also recognized Goujian as the overlord. Fan Li triumphantly returned to Vietnam as a general above.However, after the goal of revitalizing the Yue Kingdom and allowing Goujian to dominate, Fan Li immediately considered changing his status. Under the big name, it is difficult to live for a long time. He believes that a famous reputation can be preserved temporarily, but it is difficult to maintain it for a long time.Rather than saying it is difficult, it would be more appropriate to say it is extremely difficult or impossible. Fan Li wanted to leave under his name.He wrote a farewell letter to Goujian. People say that if the master humiliates, the subject will die.More than 20 years ago, when the king was humiliated in Kuaiji, the minister did not die, hoping to avenge his shame.Now that the shame has been cleared, please punish the officials for the crime of immortality in Kuaiji. Gou Jian's answer is: The lone general and his son separate the country and own it.Otherwise, the lonely general will punish the son. Fan Li replied: The king executes the order, and the minister executes the will. This means breaking up.If you want to kill, go ahead; I'm still going to do what I want. This was a bit like yelling at each other, maybe in Fan Li's view, he had to show that this was not running away at night.Gou Jian should be very excited about Fan Li's letter.Why did you abandon me after I successfully became the overlord! In Fan Li's view, after success, Gou Jian became a terrible figure to him.In the revenge war against Wu, even before he became the overlord, Fan Li was indispensable for Gou Jian.If Fan Li went elsewhere now, he might pose a threat to Yue. For this reason, Fan Li was a dangerous person to Yue, and he was afraid that he would be strictly monitored, and his life might even be in danger. If this is the case, then they should leave the country of Yue in advance.It is Fan Li's greatness to be able to see openly at this critical point. But pretending to be light treasures, jewels and jade, he and his private disciples floated on the sea in a boat, and never turned back. Pack up some precious stones, real pearls, jade, etc. that don't take up much space, and take your family and men, leave Yue by boat, and go to Qi State. This is probably a close escape drama.The written confrontation seemed to spark a spark, and he left behind his inconvenient belongings, picked up jewels and gems, and fled. After fleeing to Qi State, Fan Li did not see the language of his former colleagues.In Fan Li's view, it was extremely dangerous to stay with the overlord Gou Jian, but Wen Zhong didn't seem to be aware of this danger.Therefore, Fan Li wrote to Wenzhong, urging him to flee quickly: Flying (flying) birds are gone, good bows are hidden; cunning rabbits are dead, running dogs are cooked.The king of Yue is a man with a long neck and a bird's beak. He can share adversity, but not joy.Why don't you go? After receiving this letter, Wen Zhong resigned because of illness.He might also be thinking of ways to escape, but it was too late.After Fan Li fled, the surveillance of Wenzhong probably became more stringent! It is rumored that because someone slandered Wen Zhong for rebellion, Gou Jian gave Wen Zhong a sword, meaning to tell him to commit suicide.Whether it is slander or not, no one knows. In short, the language has no use value.The language is no longer needed, and if he is allowed to escape to other countries, it will be dangerous. The son taught the widow seven techniques to defeat Wu, the widow used three of them to defeat Wu, and the fourth was in Zi.The son tried it for me from the previous king. Gou Jian said.The previous king was his father, Yunchang, who of course is no longer alive. Try the remaining four techniques with the former king, which means that you will die if you want to write. 【Tao Zhu, Yi Dun Zhifu】 Fan Li is a resourceful man, and Wen Zhong is a very capable administrator.The former is good at dealing with urgent situations, while the latter is good at long-term management.Flash decisions are required on the battlefield, while administration requires careful consideration.Fan Li escaped quickly, but Wen Zhong escaped late.The two have different personalities, and their destinies are also very different. Fan Li, who fled to Qi State, changed his name and surname to Chiyi Zipi. Chiyi is a horseskin bag for wine.The owl is an owl, and the shape of the leather bag is like an owl's bulging belly, so it got its name. Because of the strategy of Fan Li and others, Wu Zixu was killed by Wu Wangfuchai, and his remains were put into the Yiyi and thrown into the Yangtze River.Just like his good rival Wu Zixu offended the lord, Fan Li also offended the lord Goujian. He was originally destined to be put into the barbarians, so he took this name.Another way of saying is that Yiyi stretches and contracts freely, which symbolizes the body of freedom.Some people also say that it has other meanings, that is, depending on the content of the owl, it can be large or small. Fan Li's family farmed on the coast of Qi State. As a result of their hard work, the father and son accumulated property and became property owners of hundreds of thousands of gold.The people of Qi State heard that he was very wise, so they came to invite him to be a prime minister. If you live at home, you will get a thousand pieces of gold, if you live in an official position, you will get a lot of money. This is the extreme of common people (common people).Honored for a long time, ominous. After saying that, Fan Li declined, and at the same time distributed the property he had accumulated with great difficulty to his relatives and friends, and then left with only the expensive gems in his arms. Being honored for a long time is inauspicious, which is very similar to the saying that it is difficult to live under the great name he said when he fled Yueshi. This can be said to be Fan Li's creed in life.In other words, if you gain a lot of fame, don't be obsessed with it, it's best to let it go as much as possible. But not giving up all possessions.When leaving Yue, they loaded small boats with soft pearls and jades; when leaving the seashores of Qi, they also carried expensive treasures.Because of working hard and accumulating property, you have rich capital.Fan Li can be said to be a pragmatic person. The next place Fan Li chose was Tao, that is, the area around Dingtao County in Shandong Province, which is adjacent to Henan Province.In the Spring and Autumn Period, Lu, Song, Wei, Cao, Zheng and other countries adjoined this place. In the center of Tao Tianxia, ​​the princes are connected in all directions, and the goods are traded. "Historical Records" pointed out its favorable geographical conditions. On the coast of Qi State, property was purchased for land reclamation; after moving to Tao, it was mainly for commercial activities.Fan Li seems to have foreseen that the era of reclamation will change into the era of commerce, and he migrated in advance.After moving to Tao, he changed his name from Chiyi Zipi to Duke Zhu. Tao Zhu Gong, referred to as Tao Zhu for short, is still synonymous with rich people in China until today. There was a poor man named Dun in the state of Lu. He heard that Tao Zhugong was very rich, so he went to ask him how to get rich.According to the method taught by Tao Zhugong, he raised cattle and sheep in the south of Yi's land. Ten years later, he was richer than the prince, and everyone called him Yidun.Of course, Tao Zhugong and Fan Li belonged to the master class. It is said that Fan Li had three sons.The eldest son was born when he was farming on the coast of Qi State and his life was relatively difficult.The youngest son was born after he moved to Tao and lived a prosperous life.The second son may have gone astray and was arrested after the murder. Fan Li also loved his son very much, and ran to rescue him many times, hoping to let him be released.Therefore, a thousand yi of gold (one yi is equal to twenty-four taels) was given to the youngest son, and he was asked to take him to Chudu, where the second son was detained, for rescue activities. The eldest son was outraged by this.His father, Fan Li, was very old, and the eldest son of the head of the family always took care of all the big and small matters in the family.Regarding the important incident that happened to the younger brother this time, of course he, the head of the family, should also rescue him; however, the father actually sent the younger brother.Doesn't his father trust him?When I think of this, I am very upset and depressed.He asked his father to let him go, but for some unknown reason, his father refused.The eldest son was very desperate, saying that since he didn't trust him so much, he might as well die. Fan Li's wife cried and said to Fan Li: I don't know if the second child will be released, but the eldest is about to die.The two sons will die one after another!Fan Li had no choice but to send his eldest son there. In a dilapidated house on the outskirts of the capital of Chu, there lived a man named Zhuang Sheng, who was a close friend with Fan Li.Although Zhuang Sheng's family was poor, he was honest and upright. In the state of Chu, government officials below the king of Chu all regarded him as their teacher and respected him very much.When Fan Li sent his eldest son out, he told him: After you arrive in the state of Chu, give the thousand yi gold to Zhuang Sheng and ask him for help.Don't worry about the rest. The eldest son gave Zhuang Sheng a thousand pieces of gold according to his father's words, but he secretly hid hundreds of pieces of gold in addition. Zhuang Sheng said after accepting the daughter: Please get out of here as soon as possible, don't stay here.Even if your younger brother is released, don't inquire about the reason. However, Fan Li's eldest son did not follow his advice, and instead entered the capital of Chu, using hundreds of gold as funds to contact powerful people in Chu to carry out rescue work. Zhuang Sheng was a man of pure heart and few desires. Although he was respected as a teacher by the princes, he still lived in a simple house.He accepted the daughter brought by Fan Li's eldest son only as a sign of accepting the entrustment, and he planned to return the daughter after the entrustment was completed.He also considered that something unexpected happened to him, so he said to his wife: This is Tao Zhugong's gold. In case something happens to me, you must return the gold to him. Zhuang Sheng planned to meet with the king of Chu when he was free, and talked about celestial phenomena.Recently, a certain star appeared somewhere, which was very bad for Chu.If a king cultivates virtue, he can get rid of this harm. Wang Xiude issued the amnesty order.Upon hearing the words, King Chu immediately ordered the treasury to be sealed off, which seemed to be a procedure during the amnesty.It is said that this is to prevent people from stealing while taking advantage of the amnesty. The nobleman who received the gold gift from Fan Li's eldest son told him the news.As soon as the eldest son heard that his younger brother would be released due to amnesty, he regretted giving his daughter to Zhuang Sheng.So he went to Zhuang Sheng's house and said that his younger brother would be released from prison due to amnesty, so he came to visit. Zhuang Sheng was very dissatisfied when he saw that he did not leave immediately as advised, but stayed here, and realized that the purpose of his visit was to get back the gold, so he said: The gold is left untouched in the room, and you can take it out yourself. Fan Li's eldest son took out the gold and went back happily. Zhuang Sheng was deeply ashamed of being insulted by this yellow-haired boy, and once again went to the king of Chu and told him: Now there are rumors on the road that the amnesty was issued in order to release Tao Zhugong's second son because the people around the king accepted Tao Zhugong's bribes. Of course the king of Chu was very angry and said: Although I am not virtuous, I will not be reduced to issue an amnesty for Tao Zhugong's son. He sentenced Tao Zhugong's second son for the crime, and issued an amnesty the next day after his execution. Fan Li's eldest son returned to his hometown with his younger brother's remains.The mother and the neighbors couldn't help but lament, but Fan Li said: I expected this result a long time ago. The eldest son had endured hardships with his father, earning money and saving money. Knowing that thousands of yi gold was bought in exchange for blood and sweat, of course he would feel sad. The youngest son was born after the family was well-off and did not understand the pain of saving money, so it would not be a pity to spend the money.This rescue operation cannot be stingy, so Fan Li sent the youngest son instead of the eldest son. This seems to be a good story, and Sima Qian carefully recorded it in "Historical Records."The Family of Goujian, King of Yue".It can be seen that this story is quite well-founded. It is recorded in "Yue Jue Shu" in the Han Dynasty that after the fall of Wu State, Xi Shi, the peerless beauty who was originally dedicated to Fu Chai, belonged to Fan Li and went to the five lakes together with Fan Li.But Sima Qian did not record it in "Historical Records".Any event with a strong legendary color should be excluded as much as possible. This is Sima Qian's attitude in writing history.Therefore, the fact that Fan Li's second son was sentenced to death should be credible under the filter of Sima Qian's historical view. Wu died in Gusu Mountain more than 300 years before Sima Qian was born. Judging from the technology and information transmission ability recorded in historical facts at that time, in the era of Sima Qian, the history of the rise and fall of Wu and Yue should have been legendary. Some documents ("Guoyu") record that after the fall of Wu, Fan Li floated on the five lakes in a light boat, not knowing where he ended up.Fan Li, the famous minister of Yue, disappeared, and had nothing to do with Qi's Zipi and Tao Zhugong. It is really interesting that the famous officials who successfully completed the plan to enrich the country and strengthen the army, the pioneers who worked hard and thrifty, and the industrialists who took advantage of trade, these people who are admired by all, are actually the same person.Maybe things are rendered so interesting unconsciously.I'm afraid there will be endless discussions on what the truth is; but I think that even if the records in "Historical Records" are not facts, they still reflect the facts in various senses and are recorded according to the facts. Even if legends are mixed with historical facts, Fan Li is not a legendary figure after all.Famous swords bearing inscriptions used by Goujian have been unearthed from various places.It is amazing that these unearthed weapons are still sharp enough to cut things after 2,500 years.According to experts, it is impossible to make such a good sword with modern technology.It can be seen that the high level of technology at that time far exceeded our imagination. Fan Lisheng was probably idealized by people in such an era.Then, other ideal characters are absorbed and become his double.