Chapter 14 Chapter 9 Navigating the Hidden Universe

Today's world has gradually entered an era without time and space, which is another kind of super-space universe.Hyperspace exists in a part of the universe that has neither mass nor time.How can humans break through it? All science fiction ignores the theory of relativity. For example, some novels talk about the political conspiracy of the Galactic Empire. An emperor's palace is built on a certain planet, near the center of the galaxy. Various methods attempt to escape the rules of special relativity.A message sent at the speed of light must travel 50,000 light-years from the center of the galaxy to reach the outskirts, and a reply message must travel 50,000 light-years to receive it. During this time, the emperor and all his inheritance have long since disappeared. These difficulties are often cited. Neglect, we only know that the emperor sent a message and received a reply the next day.Even more amazing is the journey across the galaxy of the Empire.There is a strange line in a novel: We fly faster than light, and look out of the side window and see the stars whizz by.This imagination is no less than the story about the sea written by the author of Landlubber: the sail is fully filled by the wind, and the ship sails through the calm sea at full speed.Not to mention other difficulties, such as the astronaut flying faster than the speed of light, he will never see the stars whizzing by.It was marvelous that he could see, for he passed so fast that the light from the stars could not reach him.

But the interstellar travel told by a novelist makes us believe it. Isaac.Asimov, himself a scientist, sold millions of copies of his novel about the Galactic Empire when other science fiction was put aside. This may be because Asimov knew the theory of relativity and was very interested in guessing how the superluminous problem ended. Being overcome has its own special feeling.Looking at the following excerpt from his chilling stardust, it seems prophetic.The traveler boards a space ship and leaves the earth for a distant star: I'm the captain, and we're about to make the first leap, temporarily leaving the fabric of spacetime and entering the little-known realm of hyperspace, where time and space have no meaning, kind of like we're going from one ocean to another via an isthmus instead of going around Go to the edge of the continent.There will be minimal discomfort, please remain calm.

There was a jolt that seemed to shake the bones, and for a fraction of a second the stars outside the inner window were completely different, the center of the galaxy was closer, the constellation seemed thicker, the ship had traveled a hundred light years, and was approaching them. Asimov wrote the book unaware of the existence of hyperspace, which many cosmologists believe in today, and that this bizarre-sounding region could be on the fringes of the universe or within our own.Scientifically known as hyperspace, the term came into common use after an important 1962 paper discussing it by Professor Wheeler, the inventor of the hydrogen bomb, who was more advanced than most mathematical physicists Think more deeply about the meaning behind the ten field equations in general relativity.We know very little about hyperspace, but it has some peculiarities.It is vast, filling every part of the known and visible universe, and exits and entrances are believed to exist everywhere, in intergalactic space, among stars, and even at the fringes of our solar system.Wheeler believes that the true shape of the universe is likely to be like a doughnut or like any solid that is shaped like a ring.The planets and galaxies that we can see are all in the curved and hard part of the donut, and the space in the middle is the mysterious super space area.A signal or spacecraft traveling the traditional path across the curved surface of a doughnut would take a long time to complete the journey because the universe is so big.But in the hollow hyperspace region, the journey will be extremely fast, because the normal laws of physics will be changed there.

We currently have strong evidence that hyperspace exists.These evidences are doubly satisfying, giving equal support to the two major theories of the history of the universe.Heli has long supported the theory of stability, which holds that the universe as a whole is eternal and unchanging. Whenever a star or galaxy dies, there will be a new star or galaxy to replace the original position. This theory satisfies several ideas; but unless we accept super space Otherwise, it is useless.This theory was ardently propagated here although it was originally developed by HermanPondy and Thomas.Gaud's description of the universe is in a state of continuous generation.Stars die and are replaced by other stars, and this process is endless.There is a huge amount of hydrogen in the galaxy to form new stars, but not enough.Of course, He Li and his colleagues only need hydrogen with a low growth rate, but although the continuous supply of hydrogen needs a small amount, hydrogen cannot be created out of nothing!Since nothing can be created out of nothing, we can only say it came from hyperspace.

It is a recent surprise that another school of thought about the history of the universe, the Thunderbolt or expanding cosmology, cannot work without superspace.This famous theory holds that the entire universe was condensed into a very dense single ancient atom about 12 billion years ago, with a volume approximately equal to that of the existing solar system.Ge Mao, a physicist born in Soviet Russia, helped put forward this theory and called this substance ylem (pronounced Yilian, the ancient Greek word for original object).According to Gemao and many cosmologists who accept this theory today, Elaine burst into fragments suddenly, it must be like a supernova from a star completely exploded into fragments, but thousands of times more violent.Large fragments fly off in all directions, some traveling at almost the speed of light, and 12 billion years later the universe is still expanding.The farther the galaxy is from us, the faster it will fly away from us, but Caltech astronomers have used the most sophisticated telescope on Mount Paloma to calculate that the expansion of the universe has gradually slowed down, and in about 70 billion years it will The expansion stops; the Milky Way begins to shrink again, possibly forming another Elaine.

It's strange why the expansion started to slow down.The large mass in the universe apparently creates a gravitational field that slows down distant galaxies.But what about those big masses?There is no escaping the fact that the known universe contains less than one-tenth the mass of matter necessary to stop expansion.In true detective story terms, as Wheeler claims, this is a case of missing substances.The explanation that the missing matter exists floating in the vast gas masses between the galaxies has long been refuted; the required mass is not there.Wheeler and others came to only one conclusion: the missing matter was hidden in hyperspace.

Considering all observational facts, cosmology cannot do without hyperspace.There is no other realm to supply the universe of hyperspace, just like an actor without a stage.In Wheeler's cosmology, the superspace is eternal, it is the physical background that goes through our universe and the cycle of all universes in the past and future from Elaine to Elaine, and all the universes are surrounded and filled with superspace . The nature of hyperspace is such a tricky subject that just thinking about it would be like swimming in a sea of ​​mud.Like chasing a monster, Wheeler said, one moment it's a rabbit, the next moment it's an antelope, and just as you're about to run into it, it's a fox or a glorious bird flying over your shoulder, it It will make the computer smoke, because the classical space-time laws are invalid.He went on to explain that all the planets and galaxies in the hyperspace zone eventually disappeared, swirling in space into time tunnels, like water bubbling from a bathtub.In it, time stands still and billions of years of events are compressed into instantaneous occurrences.The description of hyperspace sounds almost miraculous, but we are sure that its existence is indeed the greatest development in fundamental physics after the war. Hyperspace, superuniverse, solves all the problems of cosmology, and sooner or later the cosmology that rejects it The same difficulty is encountered: many things require more matter than conventional astronomy provides.The theory of rejecting superspace must mean that light travels in a straight line anywhere, which completely violates the theory of relativity, and also means denying the existence of nuclear energy. Such a theory is of little value.

Until 1970, the existence of hyperspace was no more than a theory.Its theory seems undisputed, but no one has a way of proving its existence experimentally.In February 1970 a remarkable report appeared, Physical Review Letters, of a paper by Weber of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton entitled Gravitational Radiation Experiments.Weber said that two calibrated instruments, located in Maryland and Chicago, 600 miles apart, have measured sweeps of gravitational energy waves emanating from heavier parts of the Milky Way. These waves are not steady intermittent waves, not Like the kind of waves we think of from large objects, they burst out in a chaotic manner, not in a fixed place or repeated. Wei Xiang believes that these burst waves are sent from different parts of the galaxy at least on the same day.Some people did the same experiment right away, and his paper shocked cosmologists.Only a mass of chaotic things can produce such waves, and there must be an entire constellation of stars annihilating, completely disappearing from the universe into a so-called black hole.

When a star converts all of its hydrogen to helium, i.e. runs out of fuel, it expands into a red giant or explodes, and then it starts to collapse, and the outer parts start to fall toward the center, slowly at first, with increasing speed, There are three ways to determine its fate, depending on the original mass of the star.Stars the size of the Sun transform into so-called white dwarfs, Earth-like in size and so dense that a white dwarf the size of a sugar cube weighs about five tons of matter.Then it ceases to change, existing for billions of years.But the larger star, whose original mass is 50% larger than the sun, does not stop changing when it becomes a white dwarf.Its gravity is so strong that it cannot be stopped by the counter force of density. The atoms on this star destroy each other, and the transformed particles collide with each other and neutralize each other. As a result, all the neutral particles are left behind, which are called neutron stars. The mass of the solid block is still five percent greater than that of the sun.They are no longer ten miles in diameter, and their gravity is so strong that it is difficult for light to escape from them, but neutron stars are easy to spot because they spin so fast and emit radio waves that we nickname them pulsars.Neutron pulse waves emanating from the famous Crab Nebula at a distance of about 4,000 light-years from Earth confirm that it is spinning at a speed greater than 33 times per second.

The fate of collapse stars with twice the mass of the sun is even more strange.Its gravity is so great that even neutral particles cannot exist, and its gravity exceeds all reaction forces, until every drop of matter disappears, and the entire star disappears without a trace.It went into the black hole and there was nothing left in the universe except a single burst of pure gravitational energy that Wheeler measured.When nuclear physicist Oppenheimer and his student Schindel first proposed the existence of black holes in 1939, they were thought to be only partially collapsed stars.They are called black or invisible because their gravity is thought to be so great that no light is emitted, and the collapsed star is still there, but not visible.A true black hole, however, is now believed not to be invisible because the beams don't shoot out, but because it isn't there at all.The star, about a million times more massive than Earth, just disappeared.

Wheeler gives us impossible paradoxes.If these events happened nearly every day, as his conclusions suggest, there is no way the universe could have continued to exist for the 15 billion years predicted, as predicted.For example, our Milky Way contains 100 billion stars and has existed for 10 billion years, but if one star disappears every day, assuming that the speed of star disappearance in the past has been the same for tens of billions of years, then this galaxy cannot survive more than 270 million Tens of millions of years, about one fortieth of known history.Let’s just talk about the earth. If it is only 270 million years old (actually 4.5 billion years old), then it is unimaginable that higher organisms exist on the earth. At this time, even dinosaurs cannot evolve, let alone human beings.And observations of star orbits disprove the possibility that the Milky Way maintains a net loss of mass in the amount Weber suggested. But this is not the result of Weber's error, we may say it more clearly in industrial terms.Imagine that a factory employs one hundred workers, no more and no less, but one person is fired every day. After one hundred days, it is not that there are no employees, and the factory still employs one hundred people. procedures for reinstatement. The same could happen in our galaxy, an excellent solution was mentioned a year later by Helmin of West Virginia in a letter to Nature Physical Science.Helmin said that if the amount of matter in the Milky Way remains approximately equal for a long period of time, and all the laws of physics require this, then matter must quickly disappear and then reappear, and the stars reappear in our universe through a white hole. Instantly after the black hole disappears.The crash process also happens in reverse.The term anti-collapse was once used by a scientist to describe the behavior of stars that originally disappeared at a certain point in space and reappeared in our universe.In short, said Helmin, the stars must disappear in one place and reappear in another.To undertake this journey, the stars must pass through hyperspace, and our universe must be a multiple connection of black holes and white holes, like London with its innumerable underground railways.Helmin's theory also solved the missing matter case.Due to the difficulty that matter cannot be produced or destroyed by the law of mass conservation, all previous universe models were established on the basis of missing matter.In a single universe, Helming writes, the conservation laws do not apply when considering a volume containing a hole; but, when the two universes are considered together, the conservation laws apply precisely. How does all of this relate to Einstein and Minkowski's four dimensions?Space-time is closely related to it, and it is the reason for superspace.If space-time contains curved corridors, then the walls of the corridors must contain some knowable structure, and this is the answer to the puzzle of how empty space can have a medium to transmit gravity; space is not entirely empty, it is filled with matter containing pure gravitational energy. Particles (the abnormal strong explosion waves measured by Wheeler), Wheeler called energy mesons, energy mesons gather together to form a solid structure of space-time curved walls, and holes exist in the hard sponge-like structure.With our current detection of limited functions, we may think that energy mesons do not exist, because they cannot be seen or touched, and they seem to be composed of absolutely nothing.But those who believe in this should try to get out of the ivory tower, and he will find that Neng Jiezi exerts great energy on him and makes him fall to the ground.Particles that behave like this cannot be said to not exist.The equation E∥mc<2 in the theory of relativity tells us that energy can be distributed in mass, and energy without mass is impossible, which gives us confidence that the energy mesons that make up the fabric of space-time actually contain solid matter. Can mesons exist?Or does it not exist?Wheeler asked.Do they have quality?The answer to both is yes, which is easily understood by his proof.No one denies that photons possess both energy and mass, as anyone can prove when their eyes are blinded by the headlights of an oncoming car.The photon obeys the laws of gravity because it has mass; we already know that photons bend around massive masses like the sun.In this regard, photons and energy mesons behave no differently.The only thing that bothers us is that the photon is visible but the neon is not, and for that reason it took a long time to acknowledge the nature and existence of the neon. An energetic meson (Wheeler writes), although it causes curved space and is quite different from so-called real mass, undoubtedly has its mass due to its emanating power.This mass would be able to grab hold of energy that might be lost over a much longer time than the time it takes for the radioactivity to pass through its interior.Mesons travel through a unit of space, respond to the gravitational fields of other masses, and exert forces on them at the same time, and provide a complete geometric model for masses. Therefore, when mesons come together they form a hard wall. Their nature and behavior is the basis of modern geometric mechanics. This wonderful-sounding theory was developed by Wheeler and others from general relativity. It is curved empty space. Geometry or the dynamics of geometry itself.In Wheeler's words, the long-neglected general theory of relativity has taken on new properties today, with more powerful properties than Einstein could have foreseen.Ignoring it because it seems too far from reality is probably like ignoring E∥mc<2 before 1939. Wheeler also noticed maggot holes in the fabric of space-time. They function similarly to black holes and white holes, but they are so small that they can be found anywhere in the space-time region.Wheeler describes what it looks like: Space is like an ocean, flat to the pilot flying over it, but chaotic and noisy to the hapless butterflies alighting on it, getting more violent the closer you get, until the whole structure is riddled with maggot holes.The laws of geometric mechanics enforce this foamy quality in all spaces. The hard, curved walls of space-time have these tiny holes, just like almost any hard surface, viewed with a microscope fine enough to show many holes.The maggot hole is the entrance and exit of the super space.A message or spaceship can enter hyperspace through one wormhole and come out another wormhole into another part of our universe, but what's the point of this crazy and dangerous voyage?The answer is: this solves our faster-than-light problem.Time does not exist in the super space, no matter what clock is used to measure the travel time through a part of the super space, it happens instantaneously, which is logical, because time is left behind when entering it and leaving the space-time zone, every time Everything that happens in hyperspace happens at the same time; this area has no past and no future, only eternal present. Wheeler and his peers emphasize this point.Inside the hyperspace, he said: What's next?Such questions have no content, words like before and after and next have lost their meaning, and it is entirely difficult to use the word time in any normal sense.The analogy of bricks helps us; usually it has four dimensions, length, breadth, thickness, and time.But remove time, and the brick immediately disappears anywhere we can measure it or perceive its presence.The traveler who enters the hyperspace will immediately disappear from our field of vision, and to the people at his destination, he will appear immediately, not out of nothing, but actually coming from the hidden area of ​​the hyperspace. Still mysterious inside the hyperspace, it has two seemingly contradictory properties.An object can go in and out in no time at all, and it contains an object about ten times larger than the mass in the visible universe, so something with such a large mass must be trapped in the super space, and the object itself does not know Time flows, stays there as long as cosmic years.Alternatively, a hyperspace might be like a busy street, always full of people on their way quickly elsewhere, but whether the missing mass is trapped or moving rapidly, it cannot impede Objects that want to use hyperspace as a shortcut. The idea was first introduced in a 1962 paper by Wheeler and Fowler in the Physical Review entitled Causality and Multiple-Connected Spacetime.To the effect that space is multiple-connected by maggot-holes, as Helming's later theory.One may ask, they write, whether a signal traveling along a path at the speed of light can be overtaken by a signal traveling a shorter path through a maggot hole.Careful emphasis is placed on their interpretation of the whole of geometric mechanics.Almost no math was used, and knowing that all of this might not work in the real universe, they argued that Einstein's and Minkowski's concept of curved space-time allowed for such maggotholes to exist, and what was done through maggotholes Strange journey.Since then, Wheeler and other cosmologists have become even more convinced that their theory is correct. We don't know for sure if this interstellar travel is a single trip through hyperspace, in a straight line through the hollow center of the donut, or a series of jumps, as Asimov said, through hyperspace.It's easy to know this jump.You take a piece of paper, dot a dot to represent the earth, dot a dot under the paper to represent a dot five light-years away in space, follow the paper directly, a signal will take five years to transmit, but fold the paper later to make two When the dots touch each other, you shorten the path, and you make a hole between the two dots. This hole is a maggot hole. The signal goes in and out, and the journey is completed without taking time.Through another part of hyperspace, another jump can be made, and so on until finally the destination is reached. Other scientists have also independently derived the conclusions of Weber, Wheeler and Helmin.A star disappears through a black hole, and its matter, according to Sonny, may appear in some part of our universe like a spring from a mountain.Some people think that a spaceship making such a trip would be destroyed by gravity, but others don't.A star under certain conditions or a spacecraft steered carefully will not be damaged by being present at another point in space.The director of the Royal Greenwich Observatory, Burbage, Novkov of the Moscow Institute of Applied Mathematics, and Badin of the University of Washington have all proposed models of star collapse to confirm this point. Without mentioning their very complicated mathematics, let me just say that these models mention that stars or other matter do not have to go through the whole process of gravitational collapse and destruction to enter black holes.In their excellent 1973 book The Structure of Spacetime on a Large Scale, cosmologists Hegging and Ellis stated that an interstellar dust cloud can pass through a maggot hole in one region of spacetime and enter another region without being destroyed.Note that most of these models were completed before Weber presented his paradox and Helmin came up with his solution.The Israeli scientist Nieman, who was involved in the famous discovery of the negative w particle, was also unaware of their conclusions when he described a metaphor that has received many malicious comments.He sees the universe as having two trouser legs, only one of which is visible, connected by a channel in the middle.Gaud also proposed a set of theories of the universe, one after the other. Such ideas are encouraged by the equations of general relativity.In a long-forgotten paper in 1935, Einstein hinted at the existence of bridges connecting two or more widely separated parts of the universe.It is quite possible, Einstein said elsewhere, that there are other universes that have nothing to do with our own.Some who dislike these crazy-sounding theories agree that general relativity should be scrapped and replaced by something less absurd.But Binrose of the University of London pointed out that any acceptable theory of space-time would lead to the same conclusion, calming those somewhat sentimental protests.Human application of geometric mechanics is still in a completely theoretical stage, like nuclear energy before Rutherford and Kirkcroft split the atom in 1932.There's a lot of math to be done before any signals can actually be transmitted through hyperspace, but a human landing on Mars before the end of the century would be an ideal opportunity to experiment. Mars is at its closest approach to Earth at a distance of about three light minutes. Radio waves or light take time. Mars can be reached in three minutes. Before the mission of landing on Mars is completed, scientists and engineers can design a super space transmitter to be placed on the Mars base, which can send signals back to the earth in less than three seconds.It is still difficult and complicated to build such an instrument today, just like the idea of ​​landing on the moon in 1950, but now the technical problem seems to be solved.Undoubtedly, a seldom imagined sophisticated electronic computer would need to be devised to perform the required mathematical work.Should a hole be found in the space-time zone, or go make a hole, and let a signal in we don't know which is suitable, radio waves or light.The signal enters the hyperspace region and exits through another hole near the Earth.We don't yet know how to do it, and even a little success in the future is a great achievement. If the signal disappears completely, we know it's gone into hyperspace, and it may have appeared at a point far away from Earth, or it may have been trapped in it; there's no way of knowing.This experiment will have to be repeated many times before it will be fully successful, and the accelerated signal will reach Earth. The achievement will be extraordinary, and will be more exciting than the results of a careful study of plant life on primitive Mars. It means that human beings will be free in the solar system. , Human beings have been held captive like prisoners for a long time.If signals can travel faster than light, it will no longer be impossible to build spaceships that can travel faster than light.This idea can be described by a line in the third act of Shakespeare's Henry IV: Once the fox cat puts its nose in, it will immediately find a way to get in with its whole body. Haldin's idea that the universe is more wondrous than we can imagine is reflected in these progressive concepts.Wheeler, Helmining, and Weber revealed a universe far richer and more complex than anything conventional astronomers dared to propose.We open a door only to discover another door hidden behind it, and behind that door to discover another door, and this process may continue for as long as human beings retain their capacity for needs and assumptions.Even today some scientists often say that we know enough about the universe, which progressive cosmologists find ridiculous.Modern cosmological knowledge, first stimulated by the genius of Einstein in 1905, will indeed have to develop over the next few centuries to be inclusive.It is not a century; many things of almost importance that man should imagine are waiting to be discovered.Under these circumstances it is difficult to agree wholeheartedly with Purcell's conclusion that man's galactic exploration is only in the popcorn box. We also face the possibility that hyperspace cannot be navigated.Some cosmologists may be wrong to think that an object can travel safely through hyperspace without being damaged by gravity.If they are right, for some reason it would be impossible for a spacecraft to perform such a feat, which is highly unlikely, because if it is possible, humans must figure out how to do it in the future.However, all new interpretations of general relativity have a chance to be wrong. The existence of white holes proposed by Helmin may also be wrong, or Weber may have interpreted the signal he received wrongly. Are all Star Trek hopes ruined? Of course not, because we have other fast ways to travel to planets that don't rely on hyperspace or holes.We can explore special relativity, especially the equations that account for a moving body aging slower than a stationary one.As I said before, man may fly all the way to the nearest neighboring star in only a few months, and the earth has passed several centuries between the time he discovers his absence.An experiment in 1971 proved that human beings age in the same way as any other objects when they are in high-speed motion.Two American physicists were in Washington in a gigantic jet plane. They carried an atomic clock accurate to a billionth of a second, and another precisely calibrated, and stayed in Washington when they were traveling at six After circling the earth at a speed of a hundred miles, I found that the clock I was carrying was behind by about one hundred billionth of a second.Of course, six hundred miles per hour is less than one millionth of the speed of light, so the distance between the two clocks is quite small. But think about the faster flight, to the nearest star, if the astronaut accelerates to 99.999% of the speed of light, when he sees the nearest star, he speeds back immediately, they will be three weeks old , but nearly nine years have passed for people on Earth. If the general theory of relativity and geometric mechanics fail, we will be able to reach the planet by this method, of course, it is far inferior to the method of passing through super space, because the people on the earth have to endure a long time to welcome the return of the astronauts, which is unfortunate. can do it.How to build an engine capable of accelerating a starship to a speed of about 670 miles per hour is a question left to engineers.The design of such a highly efficient engine must have a small space, but can maintain constant acceleration for nearly a hundred days, and for the sake of comfort, the acceleration should not exceed one earth's gravity.The power of such an engine can be compared with the third-stage engine that propels the Helios spacecraft from the ground to the moon. The Helios engine only burns for three minutes; our engine needs to continue to be used for a hundred days, which is obviously beyond today's technical capabilities Far, a mountain of novels have talked about the feasibility of this engine, and I will not quote them here.All I'm saying is that, measured against past technological progress, the problem must be solved if the answer really requires it.But current evidence suggests that hyperspace would have absolutely no need for such a powerful engine. Whatever kind of interstellar society arises, they will be free from the diseases that afflict humanity today, and they will eliminate the pressure of crowding. There is enough room in a galaxy to contain at least 100 billion suns, of which maybe 100 million have one or more. Multiple habitable planets.Even if the resources of these planets are exhausted, billions of other galaxies can be explored in the endless years to come. Each galaxy has billions of stars. The number of worlds that exist is conceivably infinite.The Church mentioned this seven hundred years ago, and in 1227 the Archbishop of Paris declared that it would be wrong to deny the power of God to make as many worlds as he pleased.