Chapter 16 Chapter 11 The Era of Hyperautomation

Future life will enter the era of hyperautomation, an era that requires no manpower but only machines.Computer technology is getting more and more sophisticated, and robots with the same ability as humans will also be born. As far as the project I have described is concerned, although later in this book the grand project will be carefully calibrated, the measurement will still require more advanced automation than it is today.To people who understand the limits of today's computers, these instructions are to machines like the land of the moon, digging through a cavern, sealing its entrance, building an airlock or navigating through outer space to a distance thirty-three from the sun. A five-light-year journey to the planet is just as impossible.Today's computers, although more powerful and lighter than those of the 1950s, are not capable of such complex tasks.The most ingenious machine can be said to be the computer installed on the spacecraft. It is called ARMMS. It was originally called an automatic reconfiguration analog multiprocessor system.This machine, just like its name, is designed to operate and maintain tens of millions of moving parts on a spacecraft after long-term research.At the end of the 1970s, the United States specially designed it for the exploration and flight of giant planets such as Saturn and Jupiter.It will operate unmanned for five years. ARMMS is like a huge factory on earth operating without workers or management, producing products, selling them on the market, adjusting prices, and advertising.

Man-made machines will become very intelligent, although we will foresee constraints and diseconomies in making them exactly the size and effectiveness of animistic humans.But it is now possible to talk to a machine in everyday English without having to convert words into a program through a code.The following conversation is between man and machine by means of an electric list machine, arranged by scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, which represents the level and limits of the most modern machine knowledge today.The two participants, the human and the machine, are in different rooms, because the purpose of this experiment is to see if a human can distinguish whether he is talking to a human or a machine:

Machine: How are you?I am a doctor.Please sit down and tell me your questions. S: My luggage is lost. Machine: You said your luggage was lost? S: I think the luggage has been lost. Machine: Do you often feel like dropping things? people; no. Machine: Why not? S: Because I usually don't throw anything away. Machine: Do you have any other reasons? Subject: My mother trained me not to throw anything away. Machine: Tell me more about your family. S: My luggage has been lost. Machine: Did your parents abandon you? Sixty percent of the people under this test believed they were talking to a dumb psychiatrist in the next room.In fact, people can't stand the stupid feeling of the machine, because it makes no attempt to consider the more important problem of how to retrieve the luggage.Obviously, one will be able to make more efficient machines than this, given the practical and economical limits, as I will explain later, beyond which artificial intelligence will not increase.

This limit is still very far away.Even household machines have gotten pretty ingenious.Kitchen stoves have been effectively turning on and off at predetermined times for years.We can use the timer radio to wake us up at any desired moment.Many tape records can be put into the telephone system, which will provide us with extensive information when we dial the appropriate numbers.The computer industry was still in the experimental stage in 1945, but now it has developed into an important part. Based on the prediction of the White House special committee in 1971, the computer industry will develop into the second largest in 1980. Automobile and oil industries.But people are too lazy to be satisfied with the world of buttons.A man living in Utopia will ask: why don't we build a machine to push buttons for us?We shall therefore invent machines of command, which can control many efficient devices while consuming very little power.Well-known examples are the thermostat, the fly-ball governor in a steam engine, and the electric eye in an automatic door.But in the face of such extravagant people, the question will still be asked: why do we have the problem of making thermostats?Why not build a machine to do it for us?The final stage is the move towards true automation; nothing but building self-producing machines, a machine that breeds machines.

An even more startling-sounding idea of ​​an ingenious machine is the talking computer in Clarke's 2001: A Space Odyssey.A space odyssey caused the system to crash due to the negligence of the planner, who gave the opposite order.It was required to perform two disproportionate acts, which it would do in protest to its master, and then murder all witnesses in order to conceal its unreasonable behavior.If machines can recover from negligent and ill-designed logic, it cannot help but think that if the whole world is filled with murderous machines, one wrong instruction will destroy human beings.We seldom have to tell people not to go into a corner, but the machine does the opposite, because it sees non-inherent illogical errors that will drive the system crazy.It was thus found necessary to install a safeguard on his machine. The ideal design of HAL is that when it is activated, safeguards are built in so that any part of the system that interacts dangerously will shut it down and will also send a signal to its planners to say: fix me!I'm out of order.These preventive agencies will be in von.An important part of the Newman machine.Feng.Newman machine is the mathematician von.A self-produced machine designed by Newman. (J Note: The entire paragraph above has been revised, and the original translation has many mistakes and is difficult to read.) Feng.Newman is a well-known master who has made outstanding contributions and achievements to this era.In fact, he has the most creative and sharp mind.As his colleagues criticized him:

His conscientious attitude is admirable.He had the inestimable ability to take the most difficult problem, break it down into units, make it so simple that we all wondered why we couldn't see through the problem to find the answer as he did. At the Princeton Advanced Research Institute, he was a professor of mathematics from 1933 until his death in 1957, and he established the MANIAC system (an acronym for mathematical analysis, numerical integration and computer) which was the most advanced system in that period. The machines enable the hydrogen bomb to be successfully tested and manufactured.He invented game theory, a combination of psychology and mathematical logic, from which military chess and the famous limited expansion of diplomatic techniques developed.He also suggested that the government should treat economic planning as a numerical science, instead of getting bogged down in the maze of ideology.In a work that competed with Kenneth for contributions, he combined the entire system of markets and production in mathematical equations.He suggested using calculus to statistically predict the probability of future or irrational events occurring.In short, he built systems to predict events happening in the distant future.He predicted a breakthrough in computer technology.He also foresaw, as did others, that human-made computers would not be sufficient for extremely complex tasks.From experience gained in building the MANIAC and many other machines, he gave a surprising lecture on robotics and logic in 1948.

In Feng.In Newman's idea, robots are built entirely from other machines.Its potential is greater than man-made computers.People often encounter many problems when trying to reform a machine.The reason for this is simply that his own mind contains billions of nerves and brain cells.But these nerve cells don't do work.They simply take instructions and direct the activities of the other 10 trillion cells in the body.Computer makers have no experience in dealing with such a large unit. Even if we try our best to make extremely small components, such as mechanical cells or integrated circuits, it is still thousands of times larger than nerve cells and body cells.In fact, due to the difference in size, we can easily calculate that to make a human-like robot, its size will be as large as Westminster Abbey in England.Large size isn't the only obstacle to building ultra-precise human-made machines.We've seen HAL's behavior, corrupted by undetectable errors.Living creatures are built by nature so that mistakes, even if they do, do no harm and are as unobtrusive as possible.Man-made machines, on the other hand, must be carefully designed lest a mistake be a catastrophe.The reason for this is obvious.We will build the machine so that it will operate flawlessly even when the slightest misoperation occurs.A scientist who sprains his ankle can still complete his theories unaffected by the ankle injury.But the man-made machine cannot continue to work effectively after twisting the ankle.Any mistake is right for Feng.Newman's so-called degeneration process is a big risk.We will urgently ask: what will cause the misoperation?What missteps will continue to occur?If this question is not answered soon, there is a danger of radically deteriorating the behavior of the machine.Repair would be an extremely difficult major operation.Just like Feng.Newman said in his speech: We are far more surprised by the mistakes of independence than by misoperations.Our actions were clearly unnecessarily cautious.Because the machine may have many defects, misdiagnose, and become less and less assertive.Therefore, a robot the size of Westminster Abbey, whose integrated circuits represent the same number of nerves and somatic cells as the human body, will be the end of technological development.Building such a large robot would be considered an act of madness.It will be full of errors, and its maintenance costs will be unpredictable and burdensome.

But these difficulties apply only to man-made machines.As we will see it will not be caused in a machine making a machine, it will become very potent.We must be self-aware that any system, whether mechanical or organic, reproduces the best of its kind.It is as redundant to expect a group of humans to build a perfect machine or to hope that monkeys will give birth to horses.Significant evolution will not happen in one generation.Although humans and machines are different samples, the principles of evolution are the same. Feng.Newman proposed the construction of a living, tissue-regenerating machine; in his 1948 lecture he had given insight into the method of producing such a machine.During his lifetime, it was confirmed in 1953 by biologists Crick and Watson that there is a component called DNA in living cells, and DNA is an important component of life. DNA splits again to form RNA. RNA is also a component of protein, and its component is pentose. DNA constitutes genes that determine a child's skin, hair color, height, etc.The difference in gene formation is due to the complex isomorphism of DNA.

A computer designer or a person in business can find something similar to this, even if he doesn't understand the structure of cells and has never heard of DNA.Genius Feng.Newman had seen DNA and RNA and proved its existence long before Crick and Watson.Among the machines he develops will include a system for replicating living cells.As a factory consists of three separate elements, its composition is as follows: Department A, following the instructions, collects the raw material and processes it. Department B, Information Systems Operations for writing and looping instructions. Department C, the commander of the order, is responsible for the connection with the management supervisor, the company designer of the sales department, etc.

In short, Crick and Watson discovered the same von in man or animal.The equally important genetic system in the Newman robot, and the B department is the gene. Part C is DNA and its auxiliary RNA, and part A is glucuronose. It seems foolish to ask now whether samples of machines made of these elements would ever develop into part of civilization.This answer, boldly speaking, has been true a long time ago.A living organization has long been Feng.The basic function of the robot in Newman's universal principle.Just like Feng.As Newman said, we know that the basic design of every microbe is larger than a pathogen.How can a machine reproduce itself?The only command it can't execute is to copy yourself!The machine will simply answer: I can't copy myself because I don't know who (or what) I am. This is as irrational as people soaking the ingredients of life in a test cup and expecting babies to be produced.To start producing machines, people must first complete three actions:

1. A complete description of the machine itself must be given. 2. Then describe the machine a second time, which must have been fully described once before. 3. Finally, the machine can be ordered to produce another machine described in the second time, and the machine can be ordered to copy this last order to the produced machine. After supplying raw materials and energy, we will see a machine that circulates endlessly.We will be able to sit back and direct machines to work for us.The status of human beings has become supreme.If a second- or third-generation machine begins to commit crimes, it can be destroyed by a flood and started over with appropriate improvements.That will no doubt be after many operations where machine capacity fails.Then there will be many appendages of the machine. Asimov wrote many stories of ingenious robots that emerged from human ingenuity.For the safety of human beings, robot manufacturers must abide by the three laws of robotics to manufacture robots. These three laws are: 1. Robots may not harm humans. 2. Robots must obey orders given by humans, unless this conflicts with Article 1. 3. Robots cannot exist independently without human control. The clever robotic planning system is reminiscent of the Old Testament.Asimov's Three Laws are the most memorable of the fundamental tenets of the world's religions.You have no other gods before me is a prime example. HAL is clearly not a device designed to avoid harm to humans. Professor Dieson, who is still teaching at the Princeton Research Institute, once worked with Feng.Newman worked with.He has revived the concept.Diessen was a great theorist who had completed a cosmic-scale engineering project.He believed that for the cosmic plan, humans needed to employ self-replicating machines to generate enormous amounts of energy.He presented a rough diagram of how he could solve the economic problem and a more realistic problem is how will people on earth get electricity when they find it impossible to get energy from hydrogen fusion at the end of the 21st century. In a speech in 1970, Deason proposed that by 2070, the demand for electricity would increase so much that the density of nuclear power plants on the West Coast of the United States would be as high as two per square mile.The radioactive waste released by these nuclear power plants will pollute the air, and the waste heat released will heat up the ocean temperature so that fish cannot survive within a hundred miles of the ocean, and the sea area becomes drab, lifeless and disgusting.So he proposes an energy source that replaces nuclear power plants.One is Feng.Newman's machine was to be immigrated to the central American desert.After a heated debate the anti-pollution movement (against the continued construction of nuclear power plants) will prevail over the pro-nuclear power generation movement and Von.The Newman machine was set up.The machine runs on sunlight for fuel and absorbs the humidity of the desert air for its interior needs.These machines dug rocks to obtain aluminum, silicon, and other minerals, and from these metal machines they could duplicate their own exact counterparts.These ore-eating robots will export electricity and power transmission lines.The multiplication of exported electricity will in a short period of time be 100 times greater than the consumption of the entire United States in 1970.They differ from nuclear power plants in that there is no waste heat, no smog and no radioactivity. Diessen himself admitted that the biggest obstacle to this project was its size.The machine will need rubber and cadmium for the conveyor line.These lines transport electricity from the desert to the city in turn.He doesn't bother with the notion (since he believes that the development of fusion energy will avoid that path).But he emphasized that he is convinced that it cannot be done with artificial computers alone. Only Feng.Newman's machine was able to accomplish this extremely complex engineering technique. We will continue to discuss the energy supply on Earth in the near future, as this book is about space.In the same lecture, Diessen made another, more daring statement about von.Newman's machine thought experiment.He pointed out that Mars has little economic value due to the lack of temperature and water on it.A group of engineers decides to do something about the planet that will never escape Earth's control.A rocket carrying von.The Newman machine colonizes Mars.The rocket didn't go to Mars but to Insilada, a Saturn moon made of rock and ice.Under an elaborate plan, the microscopic plants brought in will grow on this planet with only weak sunlight.Robots will build greenhouses for these plants.Plants will in turn become materials and fuel for making robots.Here is a quote from Dyson: Nothing unusual happened in the years after the rocket landed on Incirada.But observing Saturn from Earth will reveal a new ring twice the size of the original ring.What we see is the shadow cast by the robot imitating a slingshot and throwing an object off the surface of Insilada (which will spiral back down to Insilada).Each object will travel through space at solar pressure. Over the course of several years, the outer edge of the new ring expands to a position where the gravitational forces of the Sun and Saturn are equal.At this point the small body stops and swims back and forth toward Saturn.At this time it is no longer a spiral motion but a parabolic motion.After the final correction by Insirada, it can successfully pass through the surface of Saturn at a fast speed and fall freely towards the sun. Several years later, at night, meteor flashes will continue to appear in the sky above Mars.The meteors will continue day and night, and will be especially visible at night.The sky will become warm day and night.A slight breeze blows across the ground, bringing some warmth through the frozen ground.In a few years, Mars will experience rain for the first time ever.It won't be long before oceans form on Mars.There is enough ice in Insilada to keep the Martian climate warm for 10,000 years and to allow the Martian deserts to flourish. This second proposed Feng.Newman machines are carefully crafted.Because it is the most perfect precision machine that can do complex movements for many years, as long as it has a small misoperation, it will cause great misfortune to the whole operation.It is better than Cal.Shagang's Venus project had a head start of about fifteen years.But we may start from using von.The concept of the Newman machine enables us to try to change the environment of the solar system, and even explore most of the galaxy!Of course, in this way, human beings' cosmic activities will take another big step forward.