Chapter 29 [Chapter II Sophistry in the Application of Judgment] [Introduction]

Judgment is a form of thought that states whether something is positive or negative.The fundamental difference between judgment and concept is that it has obvious assertiveness, that is, it can make affirmative or negative judgments on the nature of things, the relationship between things, the value of things, and people's behavior norms.If the judgment made conforms to the situation of things or is conducive to the realization of people's practical purpose, the judgment is true or correct; otherwise, it is false or wrong.In addition to being true or false, right or wrong, judgments also have a question of whether they are appropriate.Although a judgment correctly reflects the local situation of things, it is one-sided from the perspective of the overall situation, the whole, and the whole process of things. Although such a judgment is true and correct, it is not appropriate enough.The so-called appropriate judgment is the judgment that reflects the situation of things comprehensively, accurately and appropriately.Logic requires us to make judgments that are true, correct, and appropriate.The only criterion for testing the adequacy of a judgment is social practice.

Judgment and sentence are closely related. Judgment is the ideological content of sentence, and sentence is the language expression form of judgment.Any judgment must be expressed in sentences. Different sentences can express the same judgment (synonymous sentence), and the same sentence can express different judgments (ambiguous sentence).In order to express thoughts accurately, the judgments we make must be clear. For this reason, we should choose sentences with precise meanings to express judgments, and avoid the ambiguity and ambiguity of sentences. The sophistry techniques used by sophistryers in the application of judgment mainly include: deliberately distorting the original meaning of a judgment; or confusing different questions and different judgments; arbitrary interpretations;