Chapter 2 1. Their demeanor is dignified and admirable

Where are the Piquats today?Where are the Narigonsets?What about the Moken?What about the pokelocats?And where are the once powerful tribes in our nation?They vanished under white greed and oppression like snow under the summer sun. And do we, without struggle, allow ourselves to be destroyed?Give up the home, our fields, the graves of our dead, and all that is precious and sacred to us, that the Great God has given us?I know you'll be yelling at me: NO!no way! Shani Chief Dicomsey The instigator was Columbus, he called this people Indians, these Europeans were all white, and they spoke different languages, some people said the word Indians, Indians, or Indians later It is called Hongfan.The Tailo people on San Salvador Island, in accordance with the custom of this people to receive strangers, generously presented gifts to Columbus and his men, and received them as distinguished guests.

These people are so docile, so peaceful, Columbus reported to the King and Queen of Spain: I swear to your Majesty, there is no better nation in the world than them, they love their neighbors as themselves, they talk very pleasantly, politely, and when they speak smiling; they are naked and true, yet their manners are dignified and admirable. All of these, of course, were taken as signs of weakness, if not barbarism.And Columbus, a righteous European, decided that they should be made to work, to farm, to do whatever was necessary, and in our way.Over the next four centuries (1492-1890) millions of Europeans and their descendants set out to force their way upon these peoples of the New World.

Columbus kidnapped ten of these friendly hosts, the Tailo, and shipped them back to Spain so that they could be introduced to the white way of life.One died not long after arriving, but was baptized as a Christian before his death.The Spaniards were so happy that an Indian had entered heaven, and hastened to spread the good news throughout the West Indies. The Tailos and other Orawaks did not object to converting to the religion of the Europeans, but these thoughtful strangers, groups and groups began to search for gold and gems everywhere on their island, and they strongly opposed it.The Spaniards plundered and set fire to villages; they kidnapped hundreds of men, women, and children, and shipped them to Europe to be sold as slaves.The resistance of the Olawak tribe brought sabers and guns. Since Columbus set foot on San Saldo Island on October 12, 1492, in less than ten years, hundreds of thousands of this tribe People are all destroyed.

Communication among the various races in the New World was slow, and the news of European brutality could not keep up with the rapid spread of new conquests and settlements.However, long before English-speaking whites arrived in Virginia in 1607, the Bauwhatan had heard rumors of the Spanish methods of civilizing the barbarians.The British used a more ingenious method. In order to ensure a long-term peace, so that they had enough time to establish a residential area in Jamestown, they put a golden crown on the head of Vahan Senac and named him Boha. King Tan, convinced him to put his people to work, to feed the white man.Where can Vahansenna stand among his loyal and rebellious subjects?Or loyal to the British?Hesitating between the two.But when John Rolfo married his daughter Bocahantas, he apparently decided that he was more English than Indian.After the death of Wahansenak, the Bowhatan tribe retaliated and wanted to drive the British out of the sea where they had come, but the Indians underestimated the power of British weapons.After a short period of time the 8,000-strong Bauhatan was reduced to less than 1,000.

In Masha Chasse, things began somewhat differently, but ended just as they did in Virginia.When the English landed at Plymouth in 1620, most of them would have starved to death had it not been for the help of the friendly natives of the New World.A Pemaguid (in what is now Cape Pemaguide, Maine) named Somerset, and three Wamplowags named Mashasot, Shiguangto, Hobo Ma, became a missionary appointed by the Puritans themselves, and all of them could speak some English, which they had learned from the explorers who had landed in previous years.Shi Guangtuo was kidnapped by an English sailor and sold him to Spain as a slave, but he escaped with the help of another Englishman and finally managed to escape to his hometown.He and other Indians, who considered the colonists at Plymouth to be helpless children, shared with them corn from the tribal storehouses, and told them where and how to fish, and got them through the first winter.When spring came, they gave some corn seeds to the white people and taught them how to plant and harvest.

These Englishmen lived peacefully with their neighbor Indians for several years, but boatloads of more whites continued to land on the coastal lands which the whites now call New England.There was the clang of axes and the crash of felling trees.Residential areas began to crowd each other.In 1625 some settlers asked Someset to give them an additional 4,800 hectares of Pemaguid land.Somerset knew that the land came from the Great God, as inexhaustible as the sky, and belonged to no one.However, in obedience to the eccentricity of these strangers, he performed a ceremony of transfer of land, and pledged them on the deed, the first deed of Indian land to the English colonists.

At this time, most of the immigrants who came by thousands, didn't bother to go through this form.In 1662 the great chief of the Wamplowag, Masha Sote, died, and his people were driven into the wild; and resist intruders.Although these New Englanders fawned over Mittacombe and crowned him King Philip of the Pokerlocats, he devoted most of his time to the Naregansetts and other tribes in the region. alliance. In 1675, after a series of arrogant actions by the colonists, King Philip led his Indian allied forces to start a struggle to save the various races from extinction.The Indians attacked fifty-two settlements and totally destroyed a dozen, but after months of fighting the colonists had practically wiped out the Wamplowags and the Naregansetts, Philip The king died in battle, and his head was displayed at Plymouth for twenty years.His wife and young son were sold as slaves in the West Indies along with other captured Indian women and children.

When the Dutch arrived in Manhattan, Minute bought the island with sixty ocean hooks and glass beads, but encouraged the Indians to stay where they were and to continue their work with these worthless gadgets. Barter for valuable pelts.In 1641, Kift collected tribute from the Muxikang tribe and sent troops to Staten Island to punish these Reritan River tribesmen. For the insult of other white immigrants, not for what they did, the Riritan River people Resisting arrest, the soldiers killed four.The Indians retaliated and killed four Dutchmen, and Kieft ordered the massacre of all sleeping villagers in the two villages.Dutch soldiers brandished spears, impaled men, women, and children, chopped corpses to pieces, and burned villages to the ground.

This event was repeated as European colonization advanced inland, through the passes of the Alleghanies, and along westward flowing rivers until the Great River (Mississippi) and the Great Mud River (Missouri). The occurrence of the three lasted for more than two hundred years. The five tribes of the Irokois, the strongest and most civilized of all the tribes of the East, sought peace in vain.After years of bloodshed to save their political independence, they finally collapsed.Some fled to Canada, some fled west, and some lived their lives within the confines of reservations. In the 1760s, the chieftain of the Ottawa tribe, Pondike, united all the tribes in the Great Lakes region, hoping to drive the British back to the Alleghany Mountains, but he failed. His biggest mistake was, It was an alliance with the French-speaking whites. At the critical moment of the siege of Detroit, they withdrew their assistance to the Red Fans.

A generation later, the Shaney Decomseys formed a grand confederacy of Midwestern and Southern tribes to protect their lands from white invasion, a dream that followed in the War of 1812 when the Dicomsies The battle is over. From 1775 to 1840, the Miamis fought bloody battle after bloody battle, signing treaty after treaty, ceding their lands in the fertile Ohio Valley until there was none left. until the cession. After the War of 1812, white immigrants began to pour into the Illinois area in a steady stream. The Sacks and Foxes escaped the Mississippi River. There was a little chief, Black Hawk, who refused to retreat. The Watmi and Kikop tribes formed an alliance and declared war on the new immigration area.A band of Wenlobegos who sold Black Hawk for a bribe of twenty horses and a hundred dollars from the chief of the white soldiers was captured alive in 1832 and sent to the East to be imprisoned and held before curious people. display.After his death in 1938, the magistrate of the fledgling Iowa Territory acquired the Black Hawk's skull and kept it within easy reach of his office.

In 1929, Jackson, known as the sharp knife by the Indians, became the president of the United States.During his defense of the frontier, the sharp knife led the army to kill thousands of Charochi, Xi, Kikoso, Chakto, and Semno tribes, but these southern Indians are still few Numerous, and tenaciously entrenched in the lands of the various races, which had been permanently assigned to them by the white man's treaty.Sharp Knife's first State of the Union address to Congress recommended the removal of all Indians westward beyond the Mississippi River: I would like to suggest that it would be advisable to delineate a large area west of the Mississippi River to assure the Indian races so long as they remain . Though a provision like this law was but another addition to a long list of broken promises to the Indians of the East.But Lidao firmly believes that it is impossible for Indians and whites to live together peacefully. His plan is the last promise that will never be broken again, but it is possible.On May 28, 1830, the advice of the sharp knife became law. Two years later, he appointed a Chief of the Legislature to serve within the War Department to oversee the proper enforcement of new laws affecting Indians.On June 30, 1834, Congress passed the Act of Normal Commerce and Trade with Indians and the Maintenance of Frontier Peace, except for Missouri, Louisiana, and Arkansas west of the Mississippi River in the United States. Indian area.Whites without a license are not allowed to trade in Indian areas, whites are not allowed to settle in Indian areas, and white traders with bad behavior are not allowed to live in Indian areas. If any whites are found to violate the terms of this act, the United States United States military force to arrest. Before this law took effect, a new wave of white immigrants flocked westward, forming the Wisconsin and Iowa territories.This time, policy makers in Washington had to change the permanent Indian border from the Mississippi River to the 95th parallel. (This line starts from Lake Wutz on the border between Minnesota and Canada, crosses the current Minnesota and Iowa states southward, and then along the western boundaries of Missouri, Arkansas, and Louisiana until Texas Galveston Bay, State.) To keep the Indians beyond the ninety-fifth meridian west, and to prevent unscrupulous whites from crossing this line, was guarded by troops in a series of military fortresses.These camps stretched south from Fort Snelling on the Mississippi to Atkinson on the Missouri, Fort Leavenworth on the Missouri, Fort Gibson on the Arkansas, Fort Smith, Fort Thompson on the Red River, and Fort Joseph, Louisiana. Three centuries have passed since Columbus landed on San Salvador Island, and more than two centuries have passed since British colonization came to Virginia and New England.The friendly Tailo people who had welcomed Columbus on shore had been completely wiped out, and their austere agricultural and handicraft culture had been destroyed long before the last of the Tailo died, replaced by slave-cultivated cotton fields.White colonists cut down tropical forests to expand their fields; cotton depleted the soil, and fields unprotected by trees were covered with sand by the constant wind.When Columbus first saw this island, he described it as: it was so big, so flat, and the trees were so green that the whole island was so green that it looked really pleasing to the eye.With the Europeans who came after him, they destroyed the plants and creatures on the island. Humans, beasts, birds and fish waited until the whole island became a wasteland and abandoned it. On the North American continent, the Wamplowag tribe and King Philip of Mashasuote have disappeared, as well as the Cheshapik tribe, the Chikhamini tribe, and the Potomac tribe of the Dabao Hatan tribe alliance. . (Only Pocahantas is remembered.) Scattered or few here and there are the Piquat, Monta, Manchapunga, Gataba, Chelo, Miami, Huron Tribe, Erie, Mohawk, Seneca, Mohigan. (Only the Ongas are remembered.) Their musical clan names are fixed forever on American soil, but their bones are forgotten in a thousand burned villages; or, in twenty million In front of the intruder's axe, it quickly disappeared into the woods.Most of the once-sweet streams are named after Indians. They are all muddy and full of sand and human excrement. The land is also being destroyed and ruined. From the perspective of Indians, it seems that these Europeans hate All the things of nature The living wood, the birds and beasts in the wood, the green space, the water, the soil, and the air itself. The ten years following the establishment of the permanent Indian frontier were miserable times for the nations of the East.The great Charochi tribe survived white wars, diseases, and strong alcohol for a hundred years, but now they have to be wiped out.Since the Charochi numbered in the thousands, the original plan was to move them westward gradually in stages, but the discovery of gold in the Appalachian mountains within their lands prompted their immediate removal. The clamor for the whole group to move away.In the autumn of 1838 General Schauter's troops rounded them up and concentrated them in their camps. (Hundreds escaped to the Smoky Mountains, and many years later they were given a small reservation in North Carolina.) From the prison camp they set out westward into Indian territory.During the long cold winter migration, one out of four Zaraqi people died of cold, hunger, or disease.They called the march the weeping trail of their own people.The Chakto, Kikoso, Xi, and Semno also abandoned their homes in the south.In the north, the surviving Shanees, Miamis, Ottawas, Hurons, Delawares, and many tribes that were once very powerful rode, walked, and drove to the other side of the Mississippi River to bring With their shabby furniture, rusty farm tools, and bags of corn seeds, they all arrived like refugees, poor relatives, to the proud and free plains Indian field. The refugees had not yet settled behind the security lines of the permanent Indian frontier, and the GIs again began marching west across Indian fields.The white people in the United States have talked a lot about peace, but they seem to seldom implement a large army to march forward and fight against the white people who conquered the Indians in Mexico.At the end of the Mexican-American War in 1847, the United States possessed a vast territory from Texas to California, all of which was west of the permanent Indian frontier. Gold was discovered in California in 1848, and within a few months, thousands of easterners crossed Indian lands to make their fortunes.Indians who lived or hunted along the drive from Santa Fe to Oregon were accustomed to seeing only the occasional caravan of licensed traders, trappers, or priests; Caravans, full of people, most of them went to California to find gold, but some turned southwest to New Mexico, or turned northwest to Oregon. To justify the destruction of the permanent Indian frontier, policy makers in Washington coined the term "fairness to heaven," elevating land aspirations to a nobler level.The Europeans and their descendants, fated by fate to rule the country, are the dominant race, and therefore responsible for the Indians, along with their lands, their forests, and their mineral wealth.Only the New Englanders, who had exterminated and expelled all the Indians, spoke out against Fengtianism. In 1850, without the slightest prior consultation of the Modaks, Mojaves, Sheesters, Yomou and more than a hundred other lesser-known tribes along the Pacific coast, California was Became the thirty-first state of the United States.Gold was discovered in Colorado, and new arrivals of explorers swarmed across the Great Plains, forming two new vast lands, Kansas and Nebraska, that included practically all the lands of the Great Plains peoples. Inside.In 1858, Minnesota became a state, and the state line crossed the permanent Indian border at 95 degrees west longitude for 160 kilometers. Therefore, only twenty-five years after the enactment of Sharp Knife Jackson's Indian Commerce and Trade Act, white immigrants have detoured from the north and south flanks and crossed the ninety-fifth parallel of west meridian. The vanguard of white mining and trade has already Break through in the center. Until the early 1860s, the whites in the United States fought a big battle, the whites in blue uniforms fought against the whites in gray uniforms, and a huge civil war broke out.In 1860 there were perhaps three hundred thousand Indians in the United States and elsewhere, most of whom lived west of the Mississippi River.According to various estimates, the populations of Virginia and New England have declined by half to two-thirds since the arrival of the first settlers.The remaining population was now under the pressure of white population expansion east and along the Pacific coast, numbering 30 million Europeans and their descendants.If the remaining free tribes thought that the white man's civil war would ease the pressure on them to seek land, they would immediately wake up from their dreams. The most populous and powerful ethnic group in the west was the Sioux, or Dakota, who were divided into several tribes.The Sandy tribe, who live in the Minnesota woods, have been set back for years by the advance of the settlers.Chief Little Crow of the Sandy Tribe of Umdi Ukendun, who had traveled to the eastern cities, found American power irresistible, and reluctantly tried to lead his tribe in the way of the whites.Wabaxia, another chief of the Sandi tribe, also accepted this inevitable fate, but both he and Little Crow had decided to resist any further territorial claims. In the far west of the Great Plains are the Teta tribe of the Sioux, all Indians on horseback, and completely free.They kind of looked down on Brother Sandy who surrendered to the settlers in the woods.The largest in number and the most confident in their ability to defend their land was the Agrale tribe of the Sioux. At the beginning of the white civil war, their outstanding leader, Hong Yun, was only thirty-eight years old and a shrewd war chief. Crazy Horse, who is too young to be a warrior, is a smart and fearless little boy in the Agrale tribe. In the small Hank Baba tribe of the Titasu tribe, a young man in his twenties has already gained the reputation of a hunter warrior. In the tribal meeting, he advocated that any encroachment by the white people should be unyielding resistance, He is Sitting Bull, the mentor of an orphan named Daredevil, and together with Crazy Horse of the Agrale tribe, the three of them will make history sixteen years later in 1876. Madarao, a Burning Sioux tribe that lived on the far western plains, had become the chief's spokesman, although he was not yet forty years old.Madarao is a handsome, smiling Indian who loves Gourmet Girls. He enjoys his way of life and the land he lives in, but he is willing to compromise to avoid war. Closely related to the Sioux is the Sai'an. In ancient times, the Sai'an lived in the Minnesota area of ​​the Sandy Sioux, but gradually migrated westward and acquired horses.At this time, the Northern Sai'an had shared the Powder River and Big Horn River areas with the Sioux, and they often camped near these two rivers.Dudao, who is in his forties, is an outstanding chief of the Bei Sai'an tribe. (People in this tribe call Dudao Chenxing, and the Sioux call him Dudao. Most of the records at that time use this name.) The Nan Sai'an tribe has drifted to the lower reaches of the Platte River and established villages on the Colorado River and the Kansas Plains. The black pot of this tribe was a great warrior when he was young. He is already in his middle age and is also a recognized chief of the whole tribe. However, the young people of the Nan Sai'an tribe and the Goubing tribe tend to follow the leaders of Gao Niu and Roman Nose who are in their prime. The Orapaho began a long-standing confederation of the Sai'an, living in the same area, some still in the northern Sai'an, and some with the southern one.Little Crow, who was in his forties, was a well-known chief at that time. South of the Bison Mountains from Kansas to Nebraska are the Kiowai.Some of the Kiewee remembered the Black Mountains, but the combined forces of the Sioux, Sai'an, and Orapaho had driven the tribe southward.In 1860, the Kiowai had made peace with the tribes of the northern Great Plains, became allies of the Kanmachi, and entered the southern plains of the Kanmachi.The Kiewee had several great leaders, an elderly chief named Santank, two fierce warriors in their thirties, Santanta and Lone Wolf, and a wary statesman, Kicking Bird. The Kanmachi, who are often on the move and divided into many small groups, lack the leaders of their allies. The ten bear chiefs are old, and the temperament of poets is more than that of generals who use soldiers.In 1860, the second son, Baiquana, led the Kanmachi tribe in a final battle to save their bison mountains, but he was less than thirty years old at the time. In the barren Southwest are the Apaches, veterans of two hundred and fifty years of guerrilla warfare against the Spaniards who taught them the delicate art of torture and amputation but never conquered them .Although the Apaches were small in number, maybe less than 6,000, they were divided into several tribes and had already established a reputation for tenacity and fighting in the defense of their rough and cruel land.When Colorado was in his sixties, he had signed a treaty of friendship with the United States, but the influx of mining workers and troops into his land woke him up from his dream.His son-in-law, Ke Jieshi, still thinks he can get along with white Americans in peace.Victorio and Delsay disbelieved the intruding whites and avoided them.Nanar, in his fifties, was tough as rawhide, thinking that English-speaking whites were the same as the Spanish-speaking whites he'd beaten all his life; Gironimo was in his twenties , has yet to prove his own abilities. The Na'vihe tribe is related to the Apache tribe, but most of the Na'vihe tribe adopted the method of the Spanish whites, raising sheep and goats, and growing grain and fruits.Became shepherds and weavers, some tribes have become rich.The other Na'vi and tribes continued to be nomadic, attacking their old enemies Pubru, white residents, or wealthy people of their own tribe.In 1855, the Na'vi tribe held an election and elected Manurito, a burly and magnificent herdsman full of thoughts, as the chief.In 1859, a few feral Na'vi tribes raided the American nationals on their land. The U.S. Army retaliated by not hunting down the suspects, but destroying the mud huts of the Indians and shooting Manuel. Tor's cattle and members of his tribe.In 1860, Manuelito and some of the Na'vi peace followers who followed him waged an undeclared war against the United States in northern New Mexico and Arizona. In the northern part of the Rocky Mountain Apache and Na'vihe area, there is the Ute tribe, an aggressive mountain tribe who likes to attack the far peaceful neighbors in the south. The most famous chief of their race, the Ori, They like to make peace with the whites, and even sent their tribesmen to serve as mercenaries for them to attack other tribes of the Indians. Further west, most tribes were too small, too scattered, or too weak to offer much resistance.The Modak tribe, numbering less than a thousand in California and southern Oregon, waged guerrilla warfare for their land.Kent Bosch, known to California residents as Captain Jack, was a young man in 1860, and more than a decade later had the severe test of leadership. To the northwest of the Modaks are the Piercings, who have lived in peace with the whites since Lewis and Gluck passed through their land in 1805.In 1855, one section of the tribe ceded the Chuanbi land to the United States for habitation, agreeing to live within the boundaries of a large reservation itself.Other tribes continued to roam the Blue Mountains of Oregon and the Bitterroot Mountains of Idaho.Because of the vastness of the Northwest Territory, the Chuanbi people firmly believed that there would always be enough land for the whites and Indians to consider suitable. Later, the famous Chief Joseph, in 1877, he would make a major decision between peace and war .In 1860 he was only twenty years old, the son of a chief. A future savior of the Paiote tribe in Nevada, named Wu Fuka, would later have a brief but powerful influence on the Indians of the West, only in 1860. four years old. In the following thirty years, the leaders of these celebrities and many more people will enter history and legend.Their names are as famous as those who tried to destroy them.In December, 1890, Indian liberty, symbolically ending at Wounded Knee, most young and old, would be driven into the loess.Now, a hundred years later, in an age without heroes, they may be the most heroic of all Americans.