Chapter 9 8. The Rise and Fall of Duanihegawa (Belke)

1869 On March 4, President Grant took office.On May 10, the Union Pacific Railroad and the Central Pacific Railroad merged at Bloomington Point to create the first transcontinental railroad in the United States.On September 13, Kott and Fiske attempted to monopolize the gold market.On September 24, the government dumped gold on the market to drive down prices; Black Friday brought financial havoc to small speculators.On November 24, the American Woman Suffrage Association was formed.On December 10, Wyoming passed legislation granting women the right to vote and slave power.On December 30, the Knights of Labor Secret Organization of Workers was established in Philadelphia.Mark Twain's Candid Man from Home is published.

1870 On January 10, Rockefeller organized the Standard Oil Company to monopolize the oil industry.On February 15th, the Northern Pacific Railroad began work on the road in Montana.In June, the population of the United States was 38,558,371.On July 18 in Rome, the Vatican Synod proclaimed the doctrine of the infallibility of the Pope as the Church.On July 19, France declared war on Prussia.On September 2, Napoleon III surrendered to Prussia.On September 19, the siege of Paris began.On September 20, Trud, the owner of the Tammany Company, was charged with embezzling New York City funds.On November 29, compulsory education was introduced in England.New England states begin producing paper from pulp.

Although this country, once entirely inhabited by Indians, and many races once powerful, inhabited the territory which now constitutes the states east of the Mississippi, their attempts to resist the westward advance of civilization were in vain, and tribes were wiped out. If any one tribe protested against the violation of their natural or treaty rights, that tribe was shot down mercilessly, and the entire tribe was treated like dogs. The policy of centralization was originally intended, and appeared humane, to save them from threatened extinction; but today, with the enormous increase in the population of the United States, and the extension of their settlements to the whole of the West, covering both sides of the Rocky Mountains, the Indians are threatened with rapid extinction far more than at any other time in the nation's history.

Duani Hegawa (Belke), the first Indian director of the Lifan (Indian Affairs) Bureau When the Sai'an people who escaped from the battle at Jueling Spring finally arrived in the Powder River area, they found that after three winters in the south, many things had changed during this period.Red Cloud had won his battle, forts everywhere were abandoned, and no blue uniform came north of the Platte.But the Sioux and Northern Saiyan camps were full of rumors that the patriarchs in Washington wanted them to move far to the east on the Missouri River, where wild game was scarce.Some of the friends of the white traders told them that in the treaty of 1868 it was written that the administration of the Titasio was on the Missouri River.Red Cloud laughed at this statement. When he went to Fort Lerime to sign the peace treaty, he told the officers in the blue uniform who saw him writing that he wanted Fort Lerime to be a trading post for the Titasu tribe, otherwise he would not sign it. , and they all agree on this.

In the spring of 1869, Hongyun led the people of the Agrale tribe to Fort Lerime to trade goods and receive the food promised in the treaty.The fort commander told him that the Sioux trading post was at Fort Rydal on the Missouri; so they should go there to trade and receive supplies.Because Fort Ridal was five hundred kilometers away, Red Cloud laughed at the commander and asked for permission to trade at Fort Lerime.Outside the open fort area, there are several armed fighters who are very threatening. The commander reluctantly agreed, but he advised Hongyun to move his people to a place close to Fort Ruidal before the next trading season came. place to go.

It soon became clear that the military authorities at Fort Lerime had meant what they had said, and that Madaratail and his peaceful Burning Horde were not even allowed to camp in Fort Lerime.As soon as Madarabi heard that he had to go to Fort Rydal if he wanted provisions, he led his people across the Great Plains and settled near that fort.The leisurely life of the unemployed vagrants in Fort Lerime has also come to an end. They were sent to Fort Rydal in this batch, only to create a brand new industry in an unfamiliar environment. Still, Red Cloud was as solid as a rock. He had won the Powder River area after a hard fight. Fort Lerime was the closest trading post. He had no intention of moving to the Missouri River, or traveling there for supplies.

In the autumn of 1869, when the Indians in all parts of the Great Plains were peaceful, rumors of a great change came and spread through the camps of the various tribes.Rumors say that the new patriarch has been elected in Washington, and it is President Grant.He also said that the new patriarch selected an Indian to be the young patriarch of the Indians.It's not easy to believe this. The post of director of the Lifan Bureau has always been a white man who can read and write.Could it be that the Great God finally taught a popular man to read and write, so that he can be the little head of the Indians?

In the month of Snowfall (January, 1870), a sad rumor came from the land of the Blackfeet.At one point on the Malesis River in Montana, soldiers surrounded a village of the Beacon tribe of the Blackfoot and killed them all like rabbits in a hole.These mountain Indians are the enemies of all tribes in the plains, but now everything has changed, and soldiers killing Indians anywhere will make all tribes uneasy.The Army, trying to keep the massacre a secret, announced only that Major Baker was leading a detachment of cavalry from Fort Ellis, Montana, to punish a group of Blackfoot horse thieves.However, the Plains Indians knew the truth, even long before the news reached the Washington Bureau of Regulatory Affairs.

In the weeks following the rumored massacre, strange things happened on the Great Plains.In several offices the Indians held outraged rallies in which they denounced the blue uniform and called the patriarch a fool, a dog with no ears or brains.In the two management offices, the Indians were so emotional that they burned down the houses, detained the administrators like prisoners for a period of time, and all the white civil servants of the government were expelled from the reserved areas. Because of the mystery surrounding the massacre on January 23, the Lifan Bureau did not know about the case until three months later, a young officer, Lieutenant Pease, acted as the administrator of the Blackfoot tribe, risking his own career. Taking advantage of the stolen mules in a wagon, Major Baker organized a winter expedition to attack the first Indian camp on the route of march.The camp was undefended, mostly old and weak, women and children, some of whom were suffering from smallpox.There were a total of 219 tribesmen of the Bigang tribe in the camp, only forty-six people escaped their lives and told the story; thirty-three men, ninety women, and fifty children, from They were all shot and killed when they ran out of the cone.

As soon as the director received the report, he demanded an immediate investigation by the government authorities. Although the director's Anglicized name was Berke, his real name was Tuani Hegawa, which means Irokwai, the gatekeeper of the west gate of the longhouse.He was a young man from the Duna Wanda Reservation in New York State. His original name was Hansan Londa of the Seneca tribe, but he soon learned that a person with an Indian name was not acceptable in the white world.Hansang Londa changed his name to Berke because he was ambitious and wanted to travel around and eat like a man.

For nearly half a century, Berk fought desperately against racial prejudice, sometimes winning and sometimes losing.At the age of ten, he went to work as a barracks janitor in an army barracks. Because of his poor English, he was teased by the officers, which greatly damaged his self-esteem.The proud Senecan youth immediately managed to get into a mission school.He was determined to learn, to read, speak, and write English well, and no white man would laugh at him again.After graduating, he decided to become a lawyer to do the best he could for his fellow countrymen.At that time, a young man could work in a law firm, pass the state bar exam, and become a lawyer.Berk worked in a law firm in Elicott Township, New York for three years, but when he applied to join the Bar Association, he got an answer that only white male citizens were allowed to practice in New York State, and Indians Cannot apply.Changing to an English surname did not change his bronze complexion. Berke refused to give up. After carefully inquiring about which of the white people's trades and professions could allow Indians to join, he entered the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and mastered all engineering courses. Got a job on the Erie Canal.Before he was thirty, the U.S. government scouted him for a job as an overseer of embankments and construction.In 1860, he went on a business trip to Gallina, Illinois, where at a harness shop, he met a clerk, a former army captain named Grant. When the Civil War began, Berk returned to New York, planning to recruit a regiment of Iroquois Indians to fight for the Union.His request was refuted by the Governor, who flatly told Berk that he had no place for Indians in the New York Zouaves.Belk laughed off the setback and went to contribute his work to the War Department in Washington.The Union Army desperately needed trained engineers, but not Indian engineers.They told Berk: The Civil War is a white man's war, you go back to farming, we will settle our own problems, we don't need any help from the Indians. Belk returned to the Dunnawanda reservation and told his friend Grant that he was having trouble getting into the Union Army.Grant needed engineers, and after months of wrestling with Army papers, finally managed to get his Indian friend the order to him, and Burke came to see him at Vicksburg.From Vicksburg to Richmond, they served in every service. When General Lee of the Confederate Army surrendered at Appomate Cass, Lieutenant Colonel Berk was also present. Because of his superb calligraphy, Grant asked him to write conditions of surrender. In the four years following the Civil War, Brigadier General Berk served in various assignments to settle disputes among Indian tribes.In 1867, after the battle at Fort Felkiny, he traveled up the Missouri River to investigate the causes of Indian disturbances in the northern Plains.He came back to Washington with a lot of ideas to revise the Indian policy of the United States, but it would be a year before he could put them into practice.When Grant was elected president at that time, he selected Berk as the new director of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (Indian Affairs), believing that he would be more wise than any white person in dealing with Indians. Berk took office with enthusiasm, but found that the corruption of the Bureau of Indian Affairs was worse than he expected.Seemingly necessary to sweep away the long-standing bureaucracy, he enlisted Grant's support to establish a system of appointing administrators, nominated by various churches across the country.With so many Quakers volunteering as Indian stewards, this new plan became Grant's Quaker policy, or peace policy for the Indians. In addition, a committee of Indians, composed of socially minded citizens, oversees the operations of the Bureau of Indian Affairs.Berk suggested that the committee be composed of a mixture of whites and Indians, but politicians interfered.Because no politically influential Indian could be found, no assignment was made. During the winter of late 1869 and early 1870, Commissioner Berk (or Duanihogawa, the Irokwai, as he increasingly thought himself to be) was very concerned about the peaceful situation on the western frontier. Happy.In the spring of 1870, however, reports of rebellion from Indian administrations throughout the Great Plains disturbed him greatly.The first glimpse of the cause of this commotion came from Lieutenant Pease's alarming report of the massacre of the Beacon tribe.Belk knew that unless vigorous action was taken to reassure the Indians of the government's good intentions, an all-out war might break out that summer. The chief also fully understood Hongyun's displeasure, the Sioux leader's determination to keep the territory won in the treaty, and his desire to have a trading post close to the area.Even though Madaratail had gone to Fort Rydal, the Burning Horde was already the toughest Indian on the reservation.Among the Plains Indians, Red Cloud and Madara Tail had a large following. According to the director, they were the key figures for peace.Can an Irokuai chief gain the trust of the Sioux chiefs?On this point, Duani Hegawa did not dare to be sure, but decided to give it a try. The director sent Feng Ke a kind invitation letter to Madarao, but he is a very shrewd Indian, so he doesn't need to invite Hong Yun to visit directly; proudly ignore.He went to inform Hong Yun through an intermediary that if he wanted to, he would be a welcome guest at the residence of the Grand Master in Washington. The idea of ​​this trip aroused Hongyun's interest; it would give him a good opportunity to meet with the elders and tell the president that the Sioux should not be on the reservation of the Missouri River.He could also personally meet the head of the Indians, the director named Berk, to see if he was a real Indian who could write like a white man. As soon as the chief heard that Red Cloud was coming to Washington, he sent Colonel Smith to Fort Lerimy as a page.Red Cloud picked fifteen members of the Agrale tribe to go with him.On May 26, the group boarded a special train of the Union Pacific Railroad and began the long journey eastward. It was a great experience to sit on the iron horses of their old enemies, Omaha (a city named after Indians) was a white man's hive; The building seems to have gone up to the sky, which is really terrifying.The whites were as dense and numerous and aimless as locusts, always in a hurry, but never seeming to get anywhere they were going. After five days of clanging and driving, the iron horses carried them into Washington.Except for Hongyun, all the members of the delegation were at a loss and uneasy.Director Berk, who is an authentic Indian, warmly welcomes them: I am very happy to see you here today. You have traveled a long way to meet the President of the United States.I'm glad you all got here safe and sound without any accidents.I want to hear what Hongyun has to say for himself and his people. I only had a few words to say, and Hongyun replied: As soon as I heard that my elders allowed me to come to see him, I was very happy and set off immediately.Telegraph to my people that I have arrived safe and sound, and that is what I will say today. When Red Cloud and the Agrales arrived at the Washington Hotel on Pennsylvania Avenue, a suite had been prepared for him; they were surprised to find representatives of Madaratail and the Burning Tribe waiting for them in the hotel.Because Madarao obeyed the government and transported the tribe to the Missouri River management station, Director Berk feared that the two opposing Titasu tribes would cause trouble.However, they shook hands, and Madarao told Red Cloud that he and his Burning Horde hated the Dakota Reservation thoroughly and wanted to go back to the Nebraska hunting grounds east of Fort Lerime, Agrale Humans immediately embraced the Burning Horde as allies who made peace. On the second day, Duanihogawa, a native of Irokuai, took the guests of the Sioux tribe and toured the capital, visiting the Senate, the Navy Yard and the Ordnance Building during the session.One by one the Sioux dressed in white clothes for the tour, and apparently most of them were uncomfortable in tight black jackets and buckled leather shoes, and Tuani Hegawa told them that Brady had invited them to When I went to take some photos in the studio, Hong Yun said that he was not suitable to go.I'm not white, I'm Sioux, he explained, wearing clothes that weren't appropriate for that situation. Tuani Hegawa immediately understood and wanted the guests to know that they could wear moccasin jackets, fur capes, and moccasin boots to the White House for a dinner with President Grant if they wanted to. During the reception at the White House, the Sioux looked at the shining lampstands, hundreds of thousands of candles were brightly lit, compared to the patriarchs, cabinet members, diplomatic envoys, and those who came to the White House to stare at these in the center of Washington. The members of the barbarians were even more impressed.Madarao was very comfortable eating good food, especially strawberries and ice cream, and said: Indeed, the white people have a lot of delicious things, much more than what they give to the Indians. In the next few days, Duanihegawa began to bargain with Red Cloud and Madaratail.To achieve permanent peace, he must know exactly what they want, so that he can demand that against white politicians who want Indian land.It was not an enviable position for a man who sympathized with the Indians.He arranged a meeting at the Ministry of the Interior, inviting representatives from various government departments to meet with the Sioux guests. Secretary of the Interior Kirkus gave an opening address, a set of speeches that Indians have heard many times before.Kirkus said the government would be happy to give the Indians hunting arms and ammunition, but could not do so until all the Indians were at peace.He concluded: Keep the peace and we will do what is right for you.He didn't say a word about the Sioux reservation on the Missouri River. Red Cloud responded by shaking hands with Interior Secretary Kirkus and other officials.Look at me, he said: I was born where the sun rises and now I come from where the sun sets.Whose voices first sounded in this land?It's the voices of the red men who only have bows and arrows.The elders said that he was very kind and kind to us, but I don't think so.I have been good to his whites, and hastened all the way to his palace when I heard the word passed to me.My face is red; you are white.The Great God created you to be able to read and write, but without me, I never learned it.I'm here to tell you what your elders don't like in my hometown, you are all very close to your elders, you are all great chiefs.The people sent to us by our parents are unreasonable and have no conscience. I don't want my reservation to be on the Missouri River, and this is the fourth time I've said that.He paused, and gestured to the representatives of Spottedtail and the Burning Horde.Here are a few who are from there now, whose sons and daughters have died like sheep, and they were unaccustomed in that area.I was born on the fork of the Platte River, and my ancestors told me that the land belongs to me from the north, south, east, and west. It was only a little while there.They took a piece of paper for me to sign and this is what I got from my land.I know that the people you send out are all liars.Look at me, now I'm poor and white, and I don't want to fight my government. I want you to report all this to my elders. The director, Duani Hegawa from Irokuai, replied: We will definitely report what Hongyun said today to the president.The President told me that he was going to have a meeting with Hong Yun soon. Hong Yun looked at this well-educated, well-read, and written celebrity, who is now the patriarch of the Indians, and said, "Perhaps you can agree to the gunpowder we ask for. We are just a small group of people, and you It is a big and strong nation.All the ammunition you make, all I ask is enough for our people to kill game.The Great God has made all the wild things in our wilderness, and I must hunt them; not like you, when you go out and find what you want.I have eyes and see all the things you white people do, raising cattle and all that.I know in a few years, I'm going to have to do that too, and that would be nice.I have nothing more to say. The other Agrale tribes, the Indians of the Burning tribe, all surrounded the chief, all wanting to talk to him, the popular man who became their little patriarch. The meeting with President Grant was held on June 9 in the Oval Office of the White House.Red Cloud repeated a large part of what he had said in the Home Office, emphasizing that his people did not live on the Missouri River; he added that the treaty of 1868 entitles them to Trade, there is an administration on the Platte River.Grant avoided a direct answer, but promised to ensure justice for the Sioux.The president knew that the treaty ratified by Congress did not mention Fort Lerime or the Platte River, but specifically stipulated in the article that the Sioux's management office would be located somewhere on the Missouri River.In private, he suggested to Secretary Kirkus and Chief Berk that they gather all the Indians the next day and explain to them the terms of the treaty. Duanihegawa was restless all night, he knew that the Sioux had been fooled.Once the written clauses are read and explained to them, they will not be happy with what they hear.The next morning at the Ministry of the Interior, Minister Kirkus read out the provisions sentence by sentence, and Hong Yun patiently listened to the slow translation of English words and sentences.After the reading, he firmly declared: This is the first time I have heard of such a treaty, I have never heard of it before, and I will not abide by it. Minister Cox replied that he did not believe that any of the peace committees at Fort Lerime would lie about the treaty.I didn't say that the peace committee members had lied, Hong Yun immediately retorted: But the interpreters were all wrong.When the soldiers left the various forts, I signed the peace treaty, but not the treaty, and we demanded that things be put right.He stood up and left the conference room.Kirkus handed him a copy of the treaty and suggested that he get his interpreter to explain it to him and they discuss it in another meeting.I won't take this piece of paper with me, Hong Yun replied: It's all lies. In the hotel that night, the Sioux talked about going home the next day.Some said they were ashamed to go home and tell their people how they would have been better off dead in Washington than they had been cheated and manipulated when they signed the contract in 1868.Only the mediation of the young parent, Tuani Hegawa, persuaded them to come back for the second meeting.He promised to help them by interpreting the treaty in their favour.He had already met with President Grant and had persuaded the President to have a solution to the difficulty. The next morning at the Home Office, Tuanihogawa greeted the Sioux and said nothing more than Secretary Kirkus' new interpretation of the treaty.Kirkus spoke briefly, apologizing for having misunderstood Red Cloud and his people.Although the Powder River area is outside the permanent reserve, it is within the area reserved for hunting.If there are some tribesmen who would rather live in the hunting area than in the reservation, they can do so, and they don't have to go to the reservation to trade and collect their items. Therefore, this is the second victory Red Cloud has won from the US government in two years, but this time he has the help of an Irokuai man.He acknowledged this, and came forward to shake the chief's hand.Yesterday, I saw this treaty and the nonsense in it, and he said: I'm mad, I think it makes you the same Now I'm happy that we have thirty-two clans, a conference room, and Like all of you.There was a meeting before we came, and the request I made to you came from the chiefs who did not come, we were exactly the same. The meeting ended in a friendly atmosphere, and Hong Yun asked Duan Nihegawa to report to the elders that he had nothing to do with the president; he was ready to go back to his hometown on the iron horse. At this time, Minister Kirkus, who had been smiling all the time, informed Hongyun that the government was ready to go sightseeing in New York City during the return trip of the Sioux people. I don't want to go that way, Hong Yun replied: I want to go in a straight line.I've seen enough of the city. I have nothing to do in New York City. I'm going home the way I came.White people are the same everywhere, I see them every day. Later, when he heard that he had been invited to give a speech to the people of New York City, Red Cloud changed his mind, and he went to New York City, stunned by the enthusiastic applause he received from the Copper Academy audience.Because this was the first time in his life that he had the opportunity to speak to ordinary people instead of government officials. We need to keep the peace, he told the audience: Can you guys help us?In 1868, some people came and brought some papers. We were illiterate, and thought that the treaty was to demolish the fort, and we should stop fighting.But they want to send our traders on the Missouri River.We don't want to go to the Missouri, we want the traders to come where we are.When I arrived in Washington, the elders explained the treaty to me and showed me that the interpreter had deceived us.What I want is rights and justice, and I have tried, without complete success, to get them from the great patriarchs. Hong Yun did not succeed in getting what he thought was rights and justice.Although he returned to Fort Lerime with a feeling of comfort, and he had many good friends in the east, he found that there were many white enemies waiting for him in the west.These were land hunters, ranchers, freight forwarders, immigrant residents, and those who objected to the location of the Sioux administration near the affluent Platte River valley, all of whom exerted influence in Washington. In the summer and autumn of 1870, Hongyun and his right-hand man, Mahan, worked hard for peace.At the request of Director Duan Nihegawa, they gathered dozens of powerful chiefs and took them to Lerimi Fort to hold a meeting that they thought was to decide the location of the Sioux Management Office.They persuaded Dull Knife, Coyote of the Northern Saiyan; Duo Bear of the North Orapaho; Keygrass of the Blackfoot Sioux; Bigfoot of the Miniconyo (who was always suspicious of white people) to join them.Chief Sitting Bull of the Hank Baba tribe, no deal of any kind of treaty, any kind of reservation.The white man cast a secret spell in Red Cloud's eyes, he said: make him see only everything and anything they like. Sitting Bull underestimated Hong Yun's perseverance.The leader of the Agrale Tribe found out during the meeting that government officials wanted to locate the Sioux Tribe Management Office in Rawhides, 65 kilometers north of the Platte River, but he didn't buy it at all.When you returned to the elders, he told the officials: Tell him that Hongyun doesn't want to go to Shengpigang. So he left at once to spend the winter in the Powder River region, confident that the Irokwai, Duani Hegawa, would sort things out in Washington. However, Commissioner Berk's powers were reduced.In Washington, his white enemies loomed. Although Hongyun stubbornly decided to occupy a temporary management office on the Platte River, fifty kilometers east of Fort Lerime, they were only allowed to use it for less than two years.By then, Tuani Hegawa had left Washington.In 1873, the Sioux Management Office moved from the flood path where white immigrants flooded to the headwaters of the White River in northwest Nebraska.Madaratail and his Burning Horde were also allowed to move from Dakota to the same area.Around the same year, Camp Robinson was built nearby. In the years of frequent turmoil, the military has been dominating the management offices of the Hongyun and Madarao tribes. In 1870, only a few weeks after Red Cloud's visit to Washington, troubles arose for Tuanjogawa, whose reforms created enemies among the political tycoons (the so-called Indian faction), which had long been using Bureau of Indian Affairs, as a fat job in the political compensation system.He stopped the prospectors from the Bighorn Mountains, a group of frontier whites who wanted to develop the Sioux treaty lands and thus made enemies in the West. (The Bighorn Mountain Association was established in Sai'an, and its members all firmly believe in God's destiny: the rich and beautiful river valleys in Wyoming are destined to be occupied and lived by the Anglo-Saxons. God hides the wealth in our snow-capped mountains At the foot of the mountain, countless generations have passed, to reward the valiant people, whose destiny is to constitute the vanguard of civilization. Under the wave of advancing and increasing immigrants, the Indians must stand aside, or they will die. Overwhelmed. The fate of the natives has been duly written, infallible, and this inconceivable master, who declared the collapse of Rome, has declared the destruction of the American Reds inevitable.) In the summer of 1870, a small group of Duannejokawa's opponents in Congress tried to embarrass him by delaying the appropriation of supplies for Indians on the reservation.In midsummer, telegrams from various management offices arrived in his office every day, pleading for food to be distributed, so that the starving Indians would not be forced to leave in search of wild game.Some of the first caretakers even predicted that if the supplies were not replenished quickly, there would be riots. The director's response was to buy supplies on credit, without the delay of bidding advertisements; then, he arranged for fast transportation at a price slightly higher than the contracted freight.Only in this way, the Indians in the reservation will be rationed in time without fear of starvation.However, Tuani Hegawa broke a few small rules, and this one gave his enemies the opportunity they had been waiting for. Unexpectedly, the first attack came from Welsh, a businessman and amateur priest to Indians who had been one of the first members of the Indian Board of Supervisors, but after accepting his assignment, he Resign immediately.The reasons for his resignation became clear in December, 1870.At that time he wrote an open letter to several newspapers in Washington DC.Welsh charged the director of the Bureau of Indian Affairs with fraud and waste in directing Indian affairs.He also blamed President Grant for placing such a person, who was no different from a savage.Apparently, Welch believed that the Indians were continuing to prepare for war because they were not Christians, so his solution to the Indian problem was to convert them all to Christianity.As soon as he found that Berk (Danijogawa) was tolerant of the original religious beliefs of the Indians, he expressed his strong dislike for the pagan chief and resigned. As soon as Welsh's open letter hit the press, Tuanihogawa's political enemies seized on it as a chance to remove him from the post.Within a week, the House Committee on Committees passed a motion to investigate the charges against the Secretary of Indian Affairs, sending him for days of severe cross-examination.Welch made a list of thirteen outrageous items, which Dunijogawa had to prove unfounded.However, at the end of the investigation, the Commissioner was declared innocent of any charges, and credited instead for persuading the Indian races of the sincerity and reliability of the Government.Thus avoiding another war on the Great Plains and saving the Treasury millions and millions of gold dollars. Only his closest friends with Duannehegawa knew how distressed the whole thing was to him.He considered Welsh's attack a betrayal, especially if it implied that an Indian who was so little more than a savage was unfit to be Director of Indian Affairs. For months, he mulled over what his next course of action should be.The most important thing is that he wants to help his people to prosper, but if he still stays in his job, and his political opponents often attack him because he is an Indian, he is afraid that he will do more harm than good to his people.He also pondered whether his continued tenure would be a political embarrassment to his old friend President Grant. In the late summer of 1871, when he handed in his resignation, he told friends privately that he was leaving because he had become a smelly, hard rock.He publicly said that he wanted to enter the business to improve his family's life.As he had seen earlier, the press attacked him, implying that he himself was part of the Indian faction, the Judas of his people. Tuanihegawa laughed it off; after half a century, he had grown used to this white prejudice.He went to New York City, made a fortune in that financially gilded age, and lived his whole life under the name of Duani Hogawa, Irokwai, Longshiximen Gatekeeper.