Chapter 13 Chapter Four The Founding Emperor II. Unification of North and South and Foreign and Domestic Policies

Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor in the first year of Hongwu and established a new dynasty, but it would take another 20 years to complete the cause of great unification. After Emperor Yuanshun left to the north, there were still two major branches of the Yuan Dynasty's military forces left in the interior: one was the King of Liang in Yunnan; the other was Naha Chu in the northeast. .The distance between Yunnan and the main part of Mongolia is extremely far, and the forces are lonely, which is relatively easy to solve, so Zhu Yuanzhang first focused on the southwest.After Hongwu wiped out the Xia Kingdom who ruled Sichuan in the fourth year, he began to manage Yunnan, and successively sent envoys Wang Yi and Wu Yun to surrender, but they were all killed by Liang Wang.In the fourteenth year of Hongwu, he decided to advance with military power and sent three generals, Fu Youde, Mu Ying, and Lan Yu, to attack in two ways.

At this time, Yunnan was divided into three systems politically and geographically: one was directly under the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, and the King of Liang with Kunming as the center; Shi.The above-mentioned areas are divided into roads, prefectures, prefectures, and counties; the third is that outside the above two systems, there are many ethnic minorities in the southern Sipu area, which were called chieftains in the Ming Dynasty.The western part of modern Guizhou belonged to Yunnan Province in the Yuan Dynasty, and the Bafan Shunyuan Military and Civilian Propaganda and Consolation Commissioner was set up in the eastern part to manage the Yi and Miao chieftains.In the twenty-fourth year of Yuanzhizheng, Yuanzhang pacified Huguang, and Xuanwei of Sinan, Guizhou, and Xuanfu of Sizhou (now Si County), which bordered Huguang, successively surrendered.After the Kingdom of Xia was pacified, the entire territory of Sichuan was included in the territory, and the governors of Xuanwei and Puding Prefectures in Guizhou, which bordered Sichuan, also became attached.Most of the chieftains in Guizhou successively returned to the Ming Dynasty, and Yunnan lost its shield in the northeast.The Ming soldiers attacked from two sides in the northeast, and went south from Sichuan to take Wusa (now Zhenxiong, Guizhou, Weining and other places in Yunnan). This place is Sichuan, where the three provinces of Yunnan and Guizhou border. The main force of the king echoed each other, and it was the concentrated residential area of ​​the Yi people; along the way, they took Puding (now Anshun, Guizhou) from Huguangxi to attack Kunming.Counting from the day when the Ming army was mobilized, in less than a hundred days, the Eastern Route Army had already reached Kunming, and the king of Liang was defeated and committed suicide.The East Route Army went north and the North Route Army would attack Wu and withdraw, and wiped out the Yuan Army. The nearby Dongchuan (now Huize, Yunnan), Wumeng (now Yunnan Zhaotong), and Mangbu (now Yunnan Zhenxiong) all surrendered. All roads are also subordinated.

In February of the 15th year of Hongwu, Guizhou Metropolitan Command and Envoy Division and Yunnan Metropolitan Command Envoy Division were set up, and a military ruling institution was established.In the second month of intercalary, Yunnan Chief Envoy was set up and a political leadership organization was established. 【01】Send officials to build roads with a width of ten feet, with sixty miles as a post, set up post stations, set up postmen, and horses to connect the traffic in Sichuan, Yunnan, and Guizhou.In key areas, troops were stationed, guards and posts were established, local chieftains were ordered to provide food for the army, and the safety of food transportation and transportation systems was controlled. 【02】After the arrangement is completed, we will attack Dali with a large army westward, go through the northwest and southwest of Yunnan, recruit and surrender the Moxie, Yi, Shan, and Bo ethnic minorities, and divide the troops to conquer the chieftains.Divide Yunnan into fifty-two prefectures, sixty-three prefectures, and fifty-four counties.Because Yunnan is too far away and the transportation is inconvenient, the adopted son Mu Ying was specially sent to guard it, and the descendants of the Mu family inherited it from generation to generation; in Yunnan for nearly 300 years, it has been the same as the Ming Dynasty.

Nahachu was a general of the Yuan Dynasty. When Taiping fell and was captured, Yuanzhang let him return to the north.After Emperor Yuanshun left to the north, Naha sent troops to occupy Jinshan Mountain (in the northeast of Kaiyuan, Liaoning today, on the north bank of the Liaohe River), recharged his energy and waited for the opportunity to go south, and joined Emperor Yuanshun's Central Route Army and Expanded Timur's West Route Army Responding to each other, the military situation of the three-way restraint of the Ming army was formed.In the Northeast, apart from Jinshan Naha sending out an army, Yuan troops gathered in Liaoyang, Shenyang, and Kaiyuan.In the fourth year of Hongwu, Liu Yilai, the guard of Liaoyang in the Yuan Dynasty, surrendered and established the Liaodong Command and Envoy Division, and then established the Liaodong Capital Command and Envoy Division, which was in charge of the Liaodong Army and horses, and then pacified Shenyang, Kaiyuan and other places.

At the same time, troops were sent from Hebei, Shaanxi, and Shanxi to go deep into the desert, defeating the main force of the expanded Timur army, and attacking Yingchang (now in the west of Jingpeng County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, next to Yuyuerhai (Darbo)).The Ming army defeated Yingchang, and the Yuan Lord fled to Mobei.After the death of Kuo Kuo Timur in the eighth year of Hongwu, the military strength of Yuanzhong Road and West Road gradually weakened, and they could no longer go deep into the interior to plunder.Zhu Yuanzhang took the opportunity to manage the areas of Gansu and Ningxia, recruited the Qiang and Hui tribes in the northwest, and gave them the name of chieftain or king respectively, so that they could accept government orders individually and use the military power of the tribes to prevent the invasion of the Yuan army.To the north of the Great Wall, in present-day Hebei and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, military strongholds were established in various key places, and gradually advanced, using powerful military forces to force the Yuan army to retreat to the Mongolian desert further north, not to approach the frontier fortress, and to adopt a military strategy of offense as defense Strategy.The problem in the northwest has been completely resolved, and then we will turn around and clean up the northeast.

In the 20th year of Hongwu, generals Feng Sheng, Fu Youde, and Lan Yu were ordered to attack Nahachu in the north.The army left Songting Pass on the Great Wall and built four cities, Daning (today's Pingquan, Hebei), Kuanhe (today's Kuancheng, Hebei), Huizhou (today's Pingquan, Hebei), and Fuyu (to the north of Pingquan, Hebei). Staying in the garrison, cut off the response of Naha Chu and the Yuanzhong Route Army.The main force of the Ming Dynasty encircled Jinshan from the north to the east. Naha was weak and helpless, so he had to surrender, and Liaodong was completely pacified. 【03】Therefore, the North Parallel Commander was established in Daning, Liaoyang in the east, and Datong in the west, as the three major fortresses on the front line of the northern frontier defense.And to the west and Kaipingwei (Yuan Shangdu, now Duolun County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region), Xinghe Qianhusuo (now Zhangbei County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region), Dongsheng City (now Tuoketuo County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Maoming'an Banner) Land) military strongholds, linking the first border defense line outside the Great Wall.Thousands of miles to the west from the Liaohe River, guards were set up, troops were stationed, and the Great Wall was built to defend the Great Wall. 【04】Two years later, Yuanzhu Togusi Timur was killed and his subordinates scattered.Afterwards, coups and rebellions occurred successively in Mongolia, and its strength became weaker. The border defense in the north of the Ming Dynasty also gained decades of stability due to this.

Although the Yuan army in the northeast surrendered, there is still the problem of the Jurchen tribe that needs to be resolved urgently.The Jurchen ethnic group was originally descended from the Jin people. According to their geographical distribution, they can be roughly divided into three types: Jianzhou, Hercynians, and Savages.Zhu Yuanzhang adopted a two-pronged policy of military and politics. In the military, he sealed the king of Han in Kaiyuan, the king of Ning in Daning, controlled the two ends of the Liaohe River, and sealed the king of Liao in Guangning (now Beizhen, Liaoning). An important town attacked by the army and the Jurchen tribe.Politically, the Jurchen policy was adopted, and the Jurchen tribes in the northeast were sent to use gold and silk to appease them individually, and they were divided into several prison-style guards to make them self-contained units. The imperial order was hereditary, and each was given a seal as a certificate for tribute and mutual market (for business) to meet their economic requirements for material exchange.In this way, the Jurchen tribe became a number of guards and offices according to geographical distribution, and they were not affiliated with each other. No single unit had the power to attack the interior alone. [05] By the time of Ming Chengzu, this policy was more and more actively implemented. The area under its jurisdiction extends from the present Heilongjiang to the north of Sakhalin Island and the places to the north. Set up the Nuer Gandu Command and Envoy Division, and the imperial court will send officers to guard it. 【06】

After Liaodong was pacified, the cause of great unification was completely successful.Like the previous generation, this unified dynasty established exchanges with many neighboring countries.Counting from the east, a coup took place in Koryo in the 25th year of Hongwu. The general Li Chenggui overthrew the pro-Yuan dynasty, proclaimed himself king, changed the name of the country to Joseon, and became the closest neighbor of the Ming Dynasty.Other countries with political, cultural and economic exchanges include the Ryukyu Kingdom in the southeast and Burma, Annan, Chenla, Champa, Siam and the Nanyang Islands in the southwest.There are many tribes and chieftains in the interior and frontier.The establishment of friendly relations between the Ming Dynasty and its neighboring countries was carried out through the mutual invitation of envoys and the mutual gift of native products.All countries are independent in their internal affairs.In order to exchange materials with overseas countries, special trading ports were opened in the coastal areas, and the yamen in charge of trading and receiving foreign merchant ships was the Department of Shipping.In the early years of Hongwu, three treaty ports were designated, namely, Ningbo to Japan, Quanzhou to Ryukyu, and Guangzhou to Champa, Siam and the Nanyang Islands.

The failures and serious consequences of many wars of aggression against Japan, Annan, Burma, Champa, Java and other countries in the early Yuan Dynasty taught Zhu Yuanzhang a profound lesson.He summed up the failure experience of the previous dynasties and formulated a foreign policy, that is, if a foreign country invades our side, it will suffer;He divided foreign countries into two categories: one is the country that does not conquer, that is, the country that does not fight with them; the other is the enemy that must be guarded against, and must be treated differently.In particular, he solemnly warned in "Emperor Ming Zu Xun":

All the barbarians in the four directions are limited to mountains and seas, secluded in a corner, and their land is not enough to provide supplies, and their people are not enough to command.If he doesn't judge himself and scratches my side, then he is inauspicious.He is not troubled by China, and it is not auspicious for me to raise troops and commit minor crimes.I am afraid that future generations will depend on the prosperity of China, be greedy for a moment's military exploits, raise troops without reason, and kill and injure human lives.However, Hu Rong (referring to Mongolia) is close to the border with China, and after many wars, it is necessary to select generals to train troops, and be careful when preparing for them.

The countries that will not be conquered are listed below: Northeast Korea. Just east and north of Japan (although the court is really deceitful, Hu Weiyong, the treacherous official who secretly cheated on him, did not do anything wrong, so he must be exterminated). Due south to east is the Great Ryukyu Country and the Little Ryukyu Country. Southwest Annan State Chenla State Siam State Champa State Sumatra State Western country Java country Panheng country Baihua country Sanfoqi country Boni country [07]. The enumeration of these country names shows people's understanding of the world at that time. Except for Asia, countries on other continents did not exist or were not recognized by people in the early Ming Dynasty, and they were rarely recognized.As far as the situation at that time was concerned, China was a big country, an agricultural country, and its industry and commerce were not very developed, so it did not need overseas markets; its land area was large, and it did not need to invade its territory; it had a large population, and it did not lack labor. This was Zhu Yuanzhang's firm opposition. The economic rationale for a policy of outward aggression.The lesson of history is that to invade overseas countries, the land is not enough to supply, and the people are not enough to command.No good.Moreover, to fight foreign wars, you have to spend money and kill people. Since it is not beneficial to win a war, it is even less worthwhile to lose a war.Therefore, Zhu Yuanzhang repeatedly warned his descendants not to rely on the prosperity of China, covet a momentary military exploits, raise troops for no reason, and kill and injure human lives. The so-called "no reason" means that they are not troubled by China. On the contrary, if some countries dare to invade the border of the imperial dynasty without self-assessment, they should be resolutely attacked. It is ominous for this country and there will be no good results.On the one hand, he insisted on opposing unprovoked foreign wars, and on the other hand, he did not tolerate the aggression of other countries, and advocated protecting the country and the people. 【08】From the perspective of the development of the whole history, his foreign policy is progressive and far-sighted, which should be affirmed.But from the essence of his policy, he described all the neighboring countries as barbarians, secluded in a corner.Because the land is not enough to supply, and the people are not enough to command.Even if he wins the battle, it will still be of no benefit. From this point of view, his ideology is big-nation and utilitarian, and it is the same as the feudal emperors who launched foreign aggressive wars in the past. Inland chieftains had to pay tribute regularly, and the succession of chiefs had to be approved by the imperial court, but the internal affairs of the territory under their jurisdiction could also be autonomous.The tribal chieftain led the army directly under the Ministry of War, and Tufu County directly under the Ministry of Officials.In peacetime, there are taxes, opening and maintenance of roads, and in wartime, there is the obligation to mobilize troops for conscription.Tusi yamen has names such as Xuanweisi, Xuanfusi, Recruitment Division, Appeasement Division, Chief Justice Division, Tufu, and Tuxian. The chief officials are all hereditary and have certain jurisdiction over land and native people. They are collectively called Tusi.If there is a dispute within the chieftain, or after the failure of the resistance against the imperial court, the ruling power in the territory is often taken back, directly under the imperial court, and then governed by exile officials, which is called reforming the land and returning to the exile.The relationship between the chieftain and the dynasty, on the part of the chieftain, under the pretense of the authority of the official position given by the dynasty, deters the people under his command, so that it is easy to enslave and search; Extraction can be said to be mutually beneficial. In a nutshell, the distribution of ethnic minorities in the southwestern region of the Ming Dynasty was that the junction of the three provinces of Huguang, Sichuan, and Guizhou was the center of Miao activities, and it developed southward to Guizhou; Guangxi was the center of Yao (in the east) and Tong (in the west). The border areas of Sichuan, Yunnan, and Guizhou are areas inhabited by the Yi people; the western part of Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan are home to the Moxie people; the southern part of Yunnan is home to the Bo people; the northern part of Sichuan and Qinghai, Gansu and Ningxia are home to the Qiang and Hui people; And there are Tibetans in western Sichuan. In the above-mentioned areas, in addition to the chieftains governed purely by native officials, there is also a system of using exile officials.Liuguan refers to non-hereditary, non-indigenous local officials sent by the dynasty for a certain period of time. In such areas, native officials are generally the mainstay, supplemented by sending Liuguan, who actually perform the task of supervision.Contrary to this type of area, in the prefectures and counties where Liuguan is established, there are also chieftains of different tribes within the jurisdiction.In this way, under the rule of the same chief minister, there are prefectures and counties governed by local officials, there are prefectures and counties governed by native officials, there are prefectures and counties governed by native officials, and there are prefectures and counties governed by native officials; In China, there are also situations where the Han nationality and other ethnic minority people live together, and the situation is very complicated.This complex situation is caused by long-term historical development. Because of the complexity of ethnic issues, it is most likely to cause inter-ethnic disputes and even wars. The core and fundamental reason is class oppression. No matter whether it is a local official, a local official, or a local local government, they all represent the landlord class or slave owners. Classes carry out cruel class oppression on peasants or slaves. With class oppression, there must be class resistance and class struggle.Secondly, the great Han chauvinism of the Han nationality is at work. The Han people have high production technology, a large number of people, and great strength. They use economic power to squeeze, use political power to rob, and use armed force to drive them away to seize the land and materials of the people of various ethnic minorities.Some people of various ethnic minorities were forced to migrate to the mountains to live a life of extreme hardship; some were massacred and wiped out; , There is also another situation, that is, some chiefs of ethnic minorities use force to expand their territory and rob property for personal gain, causing a war against another ethnic minority or the Han nationality. It is still a class struggle. During the anti-Yuan struggle at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the people of various ethnic minorities took an active part in the struggle and played a role in weakening the ruling class of the Mongolian and Han landlords in the Yuan Dynasty.In the Hongwu Dynasty in the early Ming Dynasty, struggles against the feudal landlord class broke out successively.Take, for example, the uprising of Wu Mian'er, who opened the cave on June 5th of the 11th year of Hongwu. This struggle lasted until July of the 18th year, and the scale was very large.The Yao people in Qingyuan County, Guangdong in the 16th year, the Qiang people in Songzhou and Panzhou in Sichuan in September, the Li people in Yilun County, Danzhou, Guangdong in July in the 17th year, the Man people in Donglanzhou, Qingyuan Prefecture, Guangxi in the first month of the 18th year, and Songzhou in Sichuan in February The Qiang people, the Zhudongman in Sizhou, Guangxi, the Dayongman in Huguang in May, the man in Furong County, Liuzhou, Guangxi in the first month of the nineteenth year, the Maha Miao in Pingyuewei, the Dongman in Chaona, Lizhou in Huguang in November, twenty years In October, Yang Nu, the chieftain of Jianchuan, Yunnan, successively revolted.In October 23rd, Huhai, Marquis of Dongchuan, suppressed the peasant uprising in Ganzhou and captured 3,400 barbarians.In July of the 26th year, there was an uprising in Yongming County, Daozhou, Huguang.Especially from the 27th year to the 31st year, there were more uprisings. The Yao people in Daozhou in the first month of the 27th year, the Yao people in Quanzhou and Guanyang counties in June, and the Chaijiang Xinlan in Guizhou in November. In November of the 28th year of the uprising, A Bang, a local official in Xibao, Guizhou, was suppressed, and 5,326 people were captured.In December, Yang Wen, the left governor of the general who conquered the south, suppressed the Yao uprising, and more than 28,000 Yao people were killed.In the first month of the twenty-ninth year, the Qingshui Jiangman in Guizhou, in February the uprisings in Tanyuan, Guangdong, Pingchuan, and Gain in Guangxi, in March the Qingshuijiang Zhongpingzhaiman, in June, Si'en and other counties in Guangxi, in December, in Yongning Prefecture , Fuyao, Zhaoqing, Shangpodongman in Guzhou in March of the 30th year, Qianyang, Chenxi and other places in August, and Weiman in Sichuan in May of the 31st year. 【09】Because the uprisings took place in different regions and at different times, they all fought alone, and all of them were suppressed by the powerful and organized Ming army and failed. The principle of the Ming Dynasty governing the people of various ethnic groups was to adopt a laissez-faire policy on the border. As long as the local chieftain could obey the imperial order, he would let him do his best and pass it down from generation to generation without interfering; Official governance; opening road post stations; selecting the chieftain's children to study in the Imperial College, so that they can pay taxes and pay taxes, obey the requisition, gradually strengthen the rule, and finally transform the chieftain into Liuguanzhou county directly governed by the dynasty. 【10】 There are two ways to govern the Qiang people in Northwest China: one is to use their chiefs as the chiefs of the guards and inherit them from generation to generation; the other is to build temples and give monks titles because of their local customs, and govern the local people through religion.The strength of the Qiang people is divided and the troops are dispersed, so there is no problem with the western frontier defense. [11] Today's Tibet and western Sichuan were called Uzang and Duogan at that time. Residents believed in Lamaism, and monks were also in charge of political affairs.The Ming Dynasty inherited the system of the Yuan Dynasty, established a military ruling institution, and appointed its elders as national teachers and kings of law, ordering them to govern the people and pay tribute regularly.Because the people of all ethnic groups in the west are particularly fond of tea, a tea department was set up to exchange tea with them for horses, and the rewards for tribute were mainly tea and cloth.The chiefs and monks of the various ethnic minorities in the west, for the sake of the rewards of tribute, the interests of doing business, and the right to inherit officials from generation to generation and be entrusted with titles, all think that maintaining this relationship is beneficial and they will live in peace.During the nearly three hundred years of the Ming Dynasty, the western frontier defense was relatively peaceful, and there were no large-scale wars. For the Mongolian and Semu people, continue to implement the policy that those who are willing to be subjects are raised in the same way as the people of the Central Xia proposed in the Northern Expedition. , to be the magistrate and county magistrate in the local area, and to handle affairs with the people. [12] There are more in the army, and there are even Mongolian troops and officers in the pro-army. [13] The imperial court compiled the Kanhe (with a license to ride the seam seal), and gave the names of the Han people, which are no different from the Han people. 【14】In terms of marriage laws, intermarriage with Han people is allowed, and both parties must be consensual. If the Han people are unwilling, they are allowed to marry each other. 【15】In this way, these Mongolian and Semu people living in the interior have been assimilated after several generations. Among them, dozens of military families have been generals for several generations and have made great achievements. The prestige of restoring Han officials proposed in the Northern Expedition was also gradually implemented.Zhu Yuanzhang issued an edict to restore the people's clothes to the style of the Tang Dynasty.The customs left by the Mongolian people, such as braided hair, bun, and Hu clothing; men's trousers with pleated narrow sleeves and braided waist pleats, women's narrow-sleeved short clothes, skirts and skirts, and Hu language and Hu surnames are all prohibited. [16] Funeral and entertainment celebrations, the etiquette and official ranks are based on the right head, which is also abolished and corrected. 【17】With reference to the ancient ritual scriptures and actual life, it stipulates the daily necessities, housing, public obedience and other systems of people of all classes. Notes from the original book: 01: "History of the Ming Dynasty", Volume 124, "The Secret Biography of Bazaraval", Volume 126, "The Biography of Mu Ying", Volume 1. 02: Zhang Wei's "Yunnan Locomotive Copying Yellow" Edict on February 25th in the fifteenth year of Hongwu. 03: "History of the Ming Dynasty" volume 129 "Feng Sheng Biography", volume 132 "Lan Yu Biography", "The Story of the Heroes in the Early Kingdom" volume 10｜Published by Haixi Hou Naha. 04: "History of the Ming Dynasty" and "Bing Zhi" III, Yan Congjian's "Zhou Yu Zhou Zi Lu" volume seventeen Tatar, Fang Kongzhang's "Quan Bian Lue Ji" volume three, Huang Daozhou's "Museum Dian Hui" volume nineteen. 05: Meng Sen's "Previous Records of the Qing Dynasty", "Tongji of the Ming, Yuan and Qing Dynasties". 06: "Peking Library Journal", Volume 4, Toranojiro Naito, "Ming Nuergan Yongning Temple Monument" 07: "Emperor Ming Zu Xun.Proverbs 08: "China and Nanyang Before the Sixteenth Century" by Wu Han, "Journal of Tsinghua University", Volume 11, Issue 1 09: For all the above, see "Ming Taizu Records" 10: "Ming History.Toast Biography 11: "Ming History.Biography of the Western Regions 12: "Ming Taizu Shilu" volume 199, volume 202, "History of Ming Dynasty" volume 138 "Zhou Zhen Zhuan", volume 140 "Dao Tong Zhuan". 13: "Ming Taizu Records" volume seventy-one, volume one hundred and ninety. 14: Volume 50 of "Records of Ming Taizu", Volume 33 of "Records of Ming Chengzu". 15: "Ming Law" six "House Law" 16: Volume 30 of "Records of Ming Taizu". 17: "History of Ming Dynasty", "Benji of Taizu"