Chapter 9 Chapter Eight: Li Hongzhang, the Diplomat (Part 1)

The Battle of France and Vietnam, the Tianjin Teaching Plan, the Treaty of Tianjin between China and Japan Negotiating the Armistice Treaty with Japan and the Assassinated Sino-Japanese Peace Treaty and His Crimes Li Hongzhang's responsibility to foreign countries is also diplomacy, and Li Hongzhang's responsibility to slander China is also diplomacy.The career of Li Hongzhang is the career of half a diplomacy.To determine his merits and crimes, diplomacy must be the biggest public case.So pay special attention to this matter. Li Hongzhang's diplomacy was headed by the Tianjin religious case.At that time, it was time for Fa and Nian Chuping, and internal worries had just disappeared. For no reason, there was an incident of Tianjin people killing and teaching and burning the French consulate (the ninth year of Tongzhi).It is extravagant for the legal person to coerce the government by coercing the United Kingdom and the United States.Zeng Guofan served as the governor of Zhili, and I deeply realized that the cause of this matter lies with me, and the methods of seizing cattle from other countries cannot be dealt with in an all-round way.Nai Quyi bridged the gaps, suppressed the people of Tianjin, executed eight people, and condemned more than twenty people.But the heart of the legal person is still tired, and he must want to reclaim the money, and set the prefect of Tianjin and the prefect of the county under heavy codes.Guofan’s outsiders have been exhausted in dealing with Westerners, and the insiders have been attacked by the stubborn party of the capital, calling them traitors (this is the time when the Huguang Guild Hall of the capital pulled out the Guofan’s plaque and burned it.), Bai Jian The whole country wants to kill.So the minister of trade and commerce, Chonghou, was afraid that things would break up, so he asked Guofan to be removed and replaced by Hongzhang.The Ming Dynasty urged Li Hongzhang to take office, which was the beginning of Li Hongzhang's diplomatic mission, which was actually in August of the ninth year of Tongzhi.

At that time, Li Hongzhang, almost the proud son of heaven, sailed with the wind, and made thousands of miles a day, if the sky set up another place for his fame.When he was appointed to stay in Zhili, the battle to popularize the law broke out, and the legal person was in a hurry to save himself, and the European and American countries also rushed to each other, sweating and panting, in order to study the big problems of the West. Mo or at a loss.As a result, the teaching case in Tianjin was sold and sunk.People in China at that time were ignorant of the overall situation of the world. Gu Xian turned a blind eye to such an earth-shattering event as the popularization of the law, thinking that Li Hongzhang's prestige was greater than that of Zeng Guofan.As a result, Hongzhang's worth suddenly increased.

After the Tianjin Religious Case and before the Japanese War, Li Hongzhang handled more than a dozen negotiation events, and the most important ones were the Battle of Annan in France and the Battle of Korea in Japan.In the eighth year of Guangxu, France had something to do with Annan.The agreement with China was made, and then it was abandoned on excuses.Then the Sino-French war broke out. The Admiral Grubi of the French navy planned a strategy. His navy first seized Hainan, followed by Taiwan, and went straight to Fuzhou to wipe out our fleet. Both land and water will gain a lot. In the future, the power in the East can compete with Britain.So Grubi sent a telegram to his country, asking for military supplies and sending more troops, while taking advantage of Fuzhou's unpreparedness, he bombarded our shipyards and damaged our warships, and at the same time forced Tokyo with the army.At that time, there was a gloomy view of the world in the south. Li Hongzhang took the strategy of cutting down and making friends, thinking of Yingde in order to contain the legal person.At that time, Zeng Jizefang acted as a British envoy and was ordered to handle this matter.Although it failed, the French government had some scruples about it, and the case of increasing troops to raise wages was rejected by the House of Representatives.When Grubi attacked Taiwan, the fresh water could not be released, and Annan's land soldiers were also held by black flags, so they could not carry out their ambitions.The legal person is the first to make peace with me.After Li Hongzhang's campaign, Europeans began to pay attention to his diplomatic skills.

Fang Yin, who was in charge of the legal affairs, also attacked the Japanese embassy in the capital of North Korea. Gaihua soldiers and Han soldiers all planned it in advance.North Korea's status as a vassal and independence has long been protested between China and Japan.The entanglement was still undecided, and Japan sent Ito Hirobumi to Tianjin to negotiate while I was troubled.When the party arrived and the legal person and the bureau were settled, Li Hongzhang originally had a kind of arrogance, but now he saw the law of tigers and wolves, and he still obeyed his ears. What can he do for Japan?Therefore, since Ito came here, I came here proudly.When Zhang Shao was negotiating peace, he whispered to Wu Tingfang, saying that he saw Li Zhongtang's dignity in Tianjin before, and he still thinks about it, which is because he vented his old regret when he was proud.Ito's trip will not be successful. He only made an appointment with North Korea in the future. When country A sends troops there, he must first notify country B. This is the so-called Tianjin Treaty.Of course, this agreement will serve as a trigger for future Sino-Japanese quarrels.

Li Hongzhang made various mistakes in his diplomacy with North Korea, as mentioned in the previous chapter.However, for this reason, the Treaty of Tianjin became the Treaty of Shimonoseki.Alas!Zhuang Sheng said: The beginning of his work is simple, and the end is also great.Those who are good at chess never let go of their most leisurely works.Those who are in charge of this situation in the future should not be cautious.From the war to the winter of Jiawu, China had no long-term strategy other than seeking peace.In the first month, Zhang Yinhuan and Shao Youlian were sent to speak in Japan.Japan refuses to accept it because its people speak lightly.But Li Hongzhang was sent.The trip was carried out in February, with Li Jingfang, the counselor, and others, arriving in Shimonoseki on the 24th, and held discussions with Japanese plenipotentiary ministers Ito Hirobumi and Mutsu Munemitsu.On the next day, the terms of the armistice were discussed for the first time, and Japan first proposed to take Dazhan, Tianjin, and Shanhaiguan as hostages.When the debate was moved, he refused to make any concessions. Instead, he proposed to suspend the truce, even if he negotiated a peace.Ito said: If you want to withdraw the abbreviation of the armistice, it is not allowed to mention it again.It's undecided with each other.And on the 28th, at the third meeting, on the way home, an assassin was encountered suddenly, and he shot Hongzhang with a gun, in the middle of the left cheek, and the gun penetrated into the left eye, and he fainted for several times.When Japanese officials heard that the police came to ask questions, there was an endless stream. Ito and Mutsu also offered condolences, apologized very respectfully, and showed concern.The Emperor of Japan and all the subjects of the whole country were deeply shocked, and they agreed to draw down the plan for the truce proposed by China.What can't be fought by words, can be won by a gunshot wound.The loss is that the previous section of the discussion is a little confusing.At the beginning of the assassination, the Japanese emperor sent imperial physicians and military doctors to see the disease. All the doctors said that the wound could be cured after taking out the gun, but although they rested for many days, they didn't bother their minds and minds.Hong Zhang said with emotion: "The country is in a difficult situation, and it is urgent to achieve a peace. How can I delay it so as to harm the country?"I would rather die than be stabbed.Tomorrow, when he sees his robe covered with blood, he says, "This blood serves the country."Hong Zhang suddenly said: "I will give up my life to benefit the country, and I will not hesitate."Its generosity, loyalty and indignation are respected by gentlemen.

After being assassinated, he gave condolences and appointed Li Jingfang as the minister with full power, but Li Hongzhang decided everything by himself.On the seventh day of March, Ito and others handed over the draft of the proposed peace treaty.On the 11th, Li Bei replied, dividing the original agreement into four paragraphs, one for North Korea's independence, two for land, three for military expenses, and four for trade rights.Except for the independence of First Korea, the others strongly refuted it.On the 15th, another agreement was proposed to be sent, that is, to ask for compensation of 10 million taels of military expenses, and to cut off the land of Siting County in the south of the sky, etc., and Japan also refuted it.On the 16th, Ito and others prepared and sent a revised contract draft, which was slightly lighter than before, which is the general outline of the Treaty of Shimonoseki.On that day, Hongzhang recovered from his wounds, and went back to Chunfan Building to meet with the Japanese Minister of Plenipotentiary.Deliberately grind.No concessions.It is only stated that if the repayment can be paid off within three years, all interest will be free, and the Weihaiwei garrison fee will be reduced by half.The full text of the treaty is listed below:

His Majesty the Emperor of the Japanese Empire, and His Majesty the Great Emperor of the Qing Empire, in order to conclude a peace treaty, so that the two countries and their subjects can restore peace and share happiness, and put an end to future disputes, His Majesty the Emperor of the Japanese Empire, hereby Plenipotentiary Minister of the Empire of Japan Prime Minister Cong Erhou First Earl Ito Hirobumi, Minister Plenipotentiary of the Empire of Japan Minister of Foreign Affairs Cong Er Er First Viscount Mutsu Munemitsu, His Majesty the Great Emperor of the Qing Empire, First Class Imperial Envoy of the Qing Empire Minister of Plenipotentiaries Prince Taifu Wenhuadian University Bachelor Li Hongzhang, Minister of Beiyang Trade and Commerce, Governor of Zhili, First Class Suyi Earl, and Imperial Envoy and Plenipotentiary of the Qing Empire, Second Rank Minister of Envoy Li Jingfang, Minister of Envoys before Dai Dai, are ministers with full powers. All of them are complete and complete, and the terms and conditions agreed upon together are listed on the left:

Paragraph 1. China recognizes that North Korea is indeed completely independent and self-governing. Therefore, any loss of independence and self-government system, such as the contribution ceremony of the country to China, will be completely abolished afterwards. In the second paragraph, China will manage the right to open up the area, and will transfer all the fortress ordnance factories in the area, as well as all public objects, to Japan forever. ○1. In the southern part of Fengtian Province within the demarcated boundary of Xiakai, from the mouth of the Yalu River, trace the river to the mouth of the Anping River, and then row from the mouth of the river to Fenghuang City, Haicheng and Yingkou.To the south of the broken line, all the cities and towns opened in front are included in the demarcation line.After this line reaches the Liao River in Yingkou, it flows downstream to Haikou.They are separated by the center of the river.The east coast of Liaodong Bay and the north coast of the Yellow Sea, as well as the islands belonging to Fengtian, are also within the ceded territory. 02. The whole island of Taiwan, and all its affiliated islands, 03. The Penghu Islands, that is, from the 19th to the 120th longitude of Greenwich, England, from the 23rd to the 24th north latitude. islands between.

The map mentioned in the preceding paragraph of the third paragraph and attached to this agreement.After the exchange of the demarcated borders is approved by this treaty, the two countries shall each select two or more officials to serve as commissars for demarcating the demarcated borders of the Commonwealth, conduct on-the-spot surveys, and determine the demarcation of the borders.If the boundary stipulated in this treaty is obstructed, inconvenient, etc. due to terrain or governance, the committee members should properly consider and modify it.All the committee members, etc., should handle the boundary affairs as soon as possible, in order to finish within one year after being appointed.However, if the committee members etc. have changed the demarcation line, the governments of the two countries shall make the demarcation line according to this agreement before confirming it.

In the fourth paragraph, China will hand over 20 million taels of Kuping silver to Japan as compensation for military expenses.The payment shall be made in eight installments, the first 50 million taels shall be paid within six months after the exchange is approved by this agreement, and the second 50 million taels shall be paid within 12 months after the exchange is approved by this agreement The balance shall be paid in six equal installments and paid annually. The method is as follows: the first split shall be paid within two years, the second shall be paid within three years, and the third shall be paid within four years. The payment shall be made within one year, the fourth payment shall be made within five years, the fifth payment shall be made within six years, and the sixth payment shall be made within seven years.The years are counted from the day after the exchange is approved by the Agreement.After the first indemnity is paid in full, an interest of 5% per hundred shall be added annually to the unpaid indemnity.However, at any time, it is at the convenience of China to pay the compensation, either in full or in part, in advance.If it can be fully repaid within three years from the date of ratification of the swap, except that the interest paid, or two and a half years, or less than two and a half years, will be deducted from the principal bank payable, and the rest will still be interest-free.

Article 5 After the exchange is approved in this treaty, within two years, Japan will allow the local people of China to transfer, and those who are willing to relocate outside the transferred area will be free to sell all their properties and retreat outside the border.However, those who have not immigrated after the expiration of the limit shall be regarded as Japanese subjects as appropriate.As for the province of Taiwan, after the ratification of this treaty, the two countries should immediately send officials to Taiwan, and the handover should be clear within two months after the ratification of this treaty. Paragraph 6. All treaties between Japan and China are automatically abolished due to this estrangement.After China agrees to ratify the exchange of this treaty, it will send a plenipotentiary minister as soon as possible, and the plenipotentiary minister sent by Japan will jointly establish a treaty of commerce and shipping and a statute of land commerce.The new treaty between the two countries should be based on the current treaty between China and Western countries.Also, from the date of approval and exchange of this treaty, before the implementation of the new treaty, all Japanese government officials and subjects, as well as commercial crafts, ships, ships and land trade, etc., will be treated with the same courtesy and protection as China, the most preferential country.The Chinese agreement will release the concessions and various items from the day when the plenipotentiaries of the two countries stamp the stamps; six months later, they will be able to do so. ○First, in addition to the commercial ports that have been opened in China, it should be allowed to set up other places as treaty ports, so that Japanese subjects can come and go and live abroad, and engage in commercial craft production.All the additional ports shall be handled in accordance with the opening of Shanghaikou, or the regulations of the opening of inland towns and cities, and shall be handled as a whole.1. Shashi, Jingzhou Prefecture, Hubei Province; 2. Chongqing Prefecture, Sichuan Province; 3. Suzhou Prefecture, Jiangsu Province; 4. Hangzhou Prefecture, Zhejiang Province.The Japanese government may send consular officers to be stationed at the front openings. ○Secondly, Japanese steamships can sail into the lower openings to carry passengers and ship goods.1. Tracing the Yangtze River from Yichang in Hubei Province to Chongqing Prefecture in Sizhou Province;Before Japan and China agree on the rules and regulations for sailing ships, they must follow the current rules and regulations for foreign ships sailing into the waterways of the mainland of China. ○Thirdly, when Japanese subjects purchase processed goods in the Mainland of China, if they are self-produced, or when importing goods to the Mainland, if they want to temporarily store them in the warehouse, except that they do not have to pay tax bills and pay all fees, Have to temporarily rent warehouse inventory. ○Fourth, Japanese subjects can freely engage in various crafts and manufactures in China's treaty port cities, and can import various machinery at will, and only pay the prescribed import tax.Japanese subjects, all the goods manufactured in China, their inland transportation tax, inland tax, banknote miscellaneous distribution, and the benefits of storing warehouses in the Chinese inland, that is, the goods shipped into China by Japanese subjects are handled as a whole.There is no difference in the case of exemption from preferential treatment. ○Afterwards, if there are additional concessions due to the above, regulations and regulations should be added, which will be included in the shipping and commerce treaty referred to in this paragraph. Subparagraph 7. Japanese troops currently stationed in China shall withdraw within three months after the ratification of this treaty, but shall be handled in accordance with the provisions of the subparagraph. Section 8. In order to ensure that the provisions of the treaty are conscientiously implemented, China has allowed the Japanese army to temporarily occupy Weihaiwei, Shandong Province.After China has paid off the first and second indemnities stipulated in this treaty, and the treaty on commercial shipping has been approved for exchange, the Chinese government and the Japanese government have determined a comprehensive and appropriate method to use the customs duties of the treaty ports as the remaining balance and interest Japan may allow the withdrawal of its troops as a mortgage.If the Chinese government does not immediately determine the mortgage method, Japan should not be allowed to withdraw its troops until the last payment of indemnity has been paid.However, before the charter of commerce and shipping was exchanged without approval, Japan still did not withdraw its troops even though the indemnity had been paid. Article 9 After the ratification of this treaty, the two countries shall return all the captives at that time.China promises to return the captives to Japan, and will not abuse them, or make them guilty.The Chinese pact will immediately release Japanese subjects who are considered military spies or who are suspected of being arrested.It is also agreed that during this battle, all Chinese subjects involved in the Japanese army will be given lenient loans, and they will be ordered not to arrest them without authorization. Paragraph 10 From the date of ratification and swapping of this treaty, the war shall be ceased by troops. Section 11. After the approval of His Majesty the Emperor of Japan and His Majesty the Emperor of the Qing Empire, the treaty is scheduled to be held on the eighth day of May in the twenty-eighth year of Meiji, that is, on April fourteenth day in the twenty-first year of Guangxu. Yantai exchange. Looking at the situation of Li Hongzhang's peace talks this time, it is almost like the envoy of Qi Guozuo to Jin in the Spring and Autumn Period, and the envoy of Fatias to Pu in 1870.When the soldiers and horses are pressing down on the situation, it is still sad to watch the words in order to swallow their anger, and Kuang Hongzhang has experienced the situation himself.Looking back at the spirit of the Tianjin contract ten years ago, it is almost like a dream from yesterday.Sigh!When the dragon enters the well, the ants are caused by people, the old man is in the stable, the eyes are smiling, the world is short of breath, is there anything like this?At this time, although there is a debate between Su and Zhang, there is no use of strategy, and although there is the power of Ben Yu, there is no use of courage.What else is there to do besides begging for mercy?Or he could become Li Hongzhang's meritorious service at the speed of peace negotiation, which is not true. Although there is no Hongzhang, there is no discord in Japan. He Si puts his generation in the position of Li, and what will happen to the outcome.The most important thing is that Li Zhi has no merit or guilt in this campaign.His diplomatic means are also useless for heroes.In all fairness, Li Zhi misjudged the country and listed the twelve things that missed the opportunity in the previous chapter, and this peace discussion is only the result of the twelve things, and there is no need to discuss it.