Chapter 11 Chapter 10 Li Hongzhang in the Leisure Era

Japan joined the cabinet after peace talks From the first year of Tongzhi to the twenty-seventh year of Guangxu, during the forty years, Li Hongzhang was not absent from the key town every day.It can be called the idle era, the period from March of Yiwei to March of Bingshen is usually one year, and the period from August of 1898 to August of Gengzi is only two years.During the Wujigeng period, Hongzhang was ordered to control the river, and he was assigned to the Minister of Commerce and the Governor-General of Guangdong and Guangxi. Among others, it was the best difference. Based on the history of Li Hongzhang's life, it has to be called leisure.Those who are free and idle, they joined the cabinet between B and C, and quit the prime minister's office from August to November 1898. There is nothing to discuss. Even when he governs rivers and Guangdong, he is certainly different from ordinary people.Attached to it, it is also the responsibility of the historian.

The Yellow River in China is known as intractable.For thousands of years, political commentators have regarded it as a major problem. If it is not ruled by Westerners, people will lose the rule of law, so it is absolutely impossible to cut off its harm and reap its benefits.After August of 1898, Li Hongzhang had no position, so the government appointed him with this service.This can also add a small case to the history of river defense.The original draft of the survey of the river by the Belgian engineer Lufar used in his memorial is as follows: The situation along the river from Luokou to Yanwo. The body of the river. Since the Yellow River was diverted from Longmenkou in Henan Province, its water quality has declined. From north to east, it flows into Shandong, enters the Daqing River, and then enters the sea.It began to rush east and west, and it was difficult to use manpower. After two years, the river was fixed and the embankment was built.As the river twists and turns, so do its banks.As the river changes, the embankment cannot change with it.The waterfront is far and near, but the embankment is completely unprotected, and the water is allowed to float.Now the surface of Xiaoshui River is about 90 to 150 feet wide, and the bottom of the river is different in depth. There are places where the river is wide and the water depth is only four or five feet, which is not convenient for boats, and there are places where the river suddenly narrows and the water depth is as deep as three feet. .The river changes course day and night, turns left and right, and the bank facing the flow is scoured, and when it is brought to a place where the flow is slow, it becomes a shoal.The officials and the people let the water do what they want, and there is no good plan, but they will make up for it when they are in danger.And along the river, the bank soil often collapses into the water at a height of four or five feet. In the middle of winter, the water flows slowly. What's more, after the thaw, the water flows quickly during the flood?This is the case with the low banks in the lower reaches, and it is self-evident in the area around the earth and mountains in the upper reaches.It is no wonder that the Yellow River has the largest amount of sediment and is the largest among the five continents.During the flood season, the beaches inside the embankment are all flooded. Because the depth of the river bottom is different, and the pitch of the river body is also different, the flow rate is different everywhere.Moreover, the land downstream is extremely flat, the height of each mile does not exceed five inches, and the river is very slow.The land that accommodates water is becoming more and more narrow, and the silt pad is getting higher and higher. Year after year, the danger increases.For this reason, the land outside the embankment is one foot lower than the beach inside the embankment, and some are as low as seven or eight feet.When the supervisor passed by Yangshi Road Crossing, he measured the surface of the river, and found that the width of the water surface was 138 feet, the depth of the river bottom was 2 feet 3 feet, and the flow rate was about 4 feet per second.According to this calculation, the number of water flowing per second is about 57,456 cubic feet, and the water-holding area is about 13,680 square feet.It was also measured upstream of Yanwo, where the water surface is only 102 feet wide, the bottom of the river is 1,200 feet deep, and the water-holding area is about 9,180 square feet.At this time, Yang Shi Daokou had not yet closed the cage, and he was too slippery to return to the breach, and he would not go to the salt nest, which is reasonable to declare.When it reaches the peak, the number of passing water varies from person to person.According to the water records instructed by the two local civil and military officials, the water-holding area of ​​Yangshi Daokou should be 36,180 square feet.The water-holding area of ​​the salt nest should be 24,480 square feet.Due to the speed of the flood, there is no way to inquire, and the number of passing water cannot be counted again.However, without knowing the amount of water entering, it is difficult to determine the number of the width of the river and the distance of the embankment.It is about 370 li from Luokou to Yanwo.Mindi, the embankment along the river, is called Mindi. It is built by the people and guarded by the officials. It is the most important embankment of the East River at present.The distance between the people's cushions and the water varies. Some are located on the water's edge, and some are three or four miles away from the water. They were built at that time, and they were done arbitrarily.Its height and thickness vary from place to place. Some are nine feet higher than the current water surface, some are as high as ten feet and five feet, the height is five to eight feet higher than the beach, and the height is nine feet to one foot higher than the land outside the embankment. It varies from five feet, and the top of the embankment has a width of two feet and four feet, and a width of three feet and six feet. The newly built pads are thicker.Sometimes it is high and sometimes low, sometimes thick and sometimes thin, and its closing slope is also slanted and straight, and it can be different.The guards are very careful, and there are many places dug and brushed for water, and they are not repaired at any time. Over the years, it is unlikely that they will be trapped.The folk pads are all made of extremely loose silt, without scorched mud, and not deep into the ground.That is, there is burnt mud, which is not difficult to pick.The roof can be used for carts, cars, and handcarts. The track is very deep, and it goes up and down at the crossing or embankment slope, or cuts the embankment and lowers it.Residential houses are built on the embankment without widening and thickening, all of which are the most vulnerable to damage to the embankment.Green grass is planted on embankment slopes in various countries in Chataixi, and they are not afraid to pay attention to it and spend a lot of money. Covering grass roots is the best way to protect the embankment.No grass is planted on the embankment here, and there are occasional grasses in one or two places, which are wiped out by the people, or even uprooted.According to Yun, it is used to cook pots or feed livestock, but it is not known that if there is no grass, the embankment will be difficult to protect, and if the embankment is difficult to protect, the flood will not follow.Foolish people don't think, it's derisive.Raking tools can damage the embankment the most, so they should be strictly prohibited, and they are not allowed to be used. This is also one of the ways to protect the embankment.After the grass cover was removed, the embankment was raked loose again, and the embankment soil was blown up with a strong wind, the top of the embankment gradually became lower, and the embankment body gradually became thinner.Along the embankment of the river, there are some willows that have already grown into shade, and some that are just planted with only a foot.Willow roots are the most capable of stabilizing the embankment, so they should be planted all over the embankment along the river, and try to protect them, and they are not allowed to climb and break.Planting vines side-by-side is more solid. Wicker and rattan can be weaved together, and embankments are much stronger than straw, and materials can be obtained from anywhere nearby, without the need to invest in buying them. It kills two birds with one stone. It’s wonderful, why not do it? ?The embankment, the embankment was built by the public, and it is very far away from the people's pad, but the distance and near places are not circular, and there are many bends, which is inexplicable.Although this embankment is as if it is not there, it cannot be relied on.Residents lined up on the embankment to form villages, and the embankment soil was taken to build their residences, resulting in incomplete embankments.And the place where the passerby is cut to the ground level, it becomes a big mouth.On the slopes of the embankment, there are also many kinds of wheat, which can damage the embankment.When the boom is high, the people's cushions are still broken, and there is no one who does not fail the levee.At the width of the embankment, the top is still three feet six feet high, and the height varies from one foot two feet to one foot six feet, but there are very few complete ones.Hearing that Yang Shidao's mouth water broke the people's pads and slipped into the Xiaoqing River, drowning the village and harming the residents. It is better to think that the old mouth of the embankment has not been repaired, so that there is a gap for the water to ride. Ask the river officials why the mouth of the embankment is not blocked?According to the people's reluctance, if a levee is built today, the residents of more than a thousand villages will be surrounded and attacked.It can be seen that building a levee is not beneficial, and it is not in harmony with public opinion.Outside the embankment, there are a lot of residents. There are hundreds of households forming villages, and four or five families standing on their own. They either build dikes for self-protection, or build high mounds to live in. Most of them are prepared for waterproofing.The land around the village is quite fertile, and the residents use it to cultivate it for drinking.In addition, there are inclined dikes and dams, all of which are used to protect the village, but the disabled are also the same as the embankment.If the people are in danger, it is not enough to rely on.Risk workers, along the river, have the most risk workers.Wherever the top is punched, or where it has been decided, there are projects.Its project is to live in Mopan, which is mostly covered with straw and built in layers. It is shaped like a mill, or it is close to the bank, or it is connected to the embankment. Scattered and scattered, never connected, still flowing in the middle, so that the enemy will be attacked on three sides, I don't know what the meaning is.I despise that the number of gongs should be completed in one go without gaps, which saves material and labor, and makes the shape stronger.Moreover, when the scorpion enters the water, it is cut like a wall and does not make a slope. It is suitable for flushing and cannot allow the water to slide over it.Even straw is not a long-lasting thing, because it has a heart, its quality is like lamp grass, and it can absorb water best, so it is easy to rot, and the rot is the same as sand.There is no strength.The supervisor has seen several places in the old scorpion. Although the situation is connected, the foundation has been damaged. Once it rises, it will drift away. material.Sincerely, as the supervisor said in the previous article, a variety of vines and willows will be sufficient after a few years, not to mention spending huge sums of money to do this short-term thing.Or it is said that the tungsten was originally used to carry water. After one or two years, the water has been harvested.The overseer doesn't care.If you don't change the course, I'm afraid the emergency rescue will not be enough to raise a gangrene.For today's plan, although there is no other material available, the workmanship should be modified first.Those near the shore should connect them into one piece and form a slope to enter the water to guide the flow. They should use more wooden stakes to tie them to the shore and tie them with strong hemp ropes. Only when the position is right can you resist the force of scour.The supervisor once saw that some people put stones on top of the stalks to suppress the straw and prevent it from being blown away by the wind, which is ridiculous.In addition, there are stone embankments, such as the Beizhen area, which are still considered stable, and the Yanwo stone embankment, whose foundations are completely empty, and those that collapse before they are due to the sticky lime, but it will not last long.

Situation of Yanwo to Haikou Tail. The tail of the Yellow River has diverted three times from Yanwo. For the first time, it goes northeast to enter the sea through Tiemenguan, the second time it goes east to enter the sea from Hanjiayuan, and three times to the southeast of the temple to enter the sea through Silk Screen Mouth.Now I would like to talk about the three situations in order, and I will also discuss the new Yinhe River.Tiemenguan Haikou is the end of the Daqing River.Since the Yellow River diverted to Shandong, it entered the sea from this point. After more than 30 years, it broke through Hanjiayuan, leaving the northeast and heading east.Today's Tiemenguan Road, the first half of which has been silted up very high, the river body has become flat, unrecognizable, and the left and right embankments have completely formed villages.Below the Iron Gate Pass, the embankment has been exhausted, there is a pile of yellow sand, and the land is extremely barren.About eight miles downstream of Tiemen Pass, the shape of the river again shows that there is water leading directly to the sea. Although the land beside the river is a beach, the sand is not deep, so there is mixed soil.The trees in the river are usually about two feet deep, and the tide can rise to three or four feet. It can reach Xiaoshen Temple, and if the northeast wind blows, it can increase to five or six feet. From Sangouzi, ships can go to sea to and from Yantai.This time, due to the freezing tide of the river, it was impossible to go out to sea for survey and survey. Only ten miles below Sangouzi, the ground was covered with reeds and grass.According to the natives, eight miles down, you can already see ordinary tides, and twelve miles down, you will be on the seashore.There is sand blocking the gate in Haikou, and when the tide is low, it is only two feet deep.The sand has a total length and width, and it has not been re-examined, so the inference must not be very small.From Yanwo to Tiemenguan, Haikou is about 110 li.Haikou of Hanjiayuan, from the breach of Hanjiayuan, the tail of the Yellow River, passed here. In the eighth or nineth year, the route was changed to the southeast.In the Hanjiayuan area, there is no trace of the Yellow River, but below the Xinxiao Temple, about sixty miles away from the sea, the shape of the river can be seen again, and there is also water in it. It is the lowest place, and the accumulated water does not disappear.I heard that it is about eleven miles away from the sea. The river is divided into two streams, shaped like a swallow's tail, but not deep.There is also gate sand in Haikou. When the tide ebbs, it blocks the gate directly to prevent the river from flowing out.The gate sand is out of the water and is about two miles wide.Check the Hanjiayuan Road, but no embankment has been built.It is about a hundred miles from Yanwo to Haikou of Hanjiayuan.The new Tiaoyin River, which is after the breach of Hanjiayuan, is specially dug under the entrance to divert water to the old trough of Xiaoshen Temple and enter the sea.However, at that time, it was only four or five feet deep and only three feet wide, which is still unheard of now.There are many bends. The river is forty miles long, and if it is straightened, it will be twenty-five miles. It is probably because the original waterway is excavated to save labor costs.At the bottom of the river, there are two places in the Hanjiayuan of Xiaoshen Temple. When dug three feet deep, there will be soil, and some soil will be found on the ground.There are wells in the surrounding villages, with a depth of one foot and one foot, and water can be seen. The mud is in the water, but it is not very deep.Near the iron gate, there is a kiln for burning pottery.The soil quality of the place can be imagined.Silk net mouth Haikou is now where the Yellow River enters the sea. It is scattered on the ground and has no river course.There are many hours in the small water, and the bottom of the slide is not deep. There is a sandy beach in the middle, and the bottom of the slide is only three or four feet deep.Near the mouth of the sea, it is only one foot four or five inches. The water surface here is very wide, about three hundred feet.I heard that there is no sand blocking the gate in Haikou. I think the current is slow and shallow, but the sand has stagnated on the ground and can no longer be sent into the sea.When Zha Beilingzi breached, there were still three places upstream that opened at the same time, so the water flow at the mouth of the silk screen was not strong. The tree of Beilingzimen is still standing in the water, and an ancient temple is also majestic and independent, which is a clear proof of it.If it is said that the houses in Xinzhuang and other places are drifting, it is because the earthen houses are not strong, and it is not caused by the turbulent water.The north bank is below Beilingzi, and there is no embankment, but the south embankment of Tiemenguan is the north bank to protect the village.The south bank is connected by a new line from Yanwo, and a dike is about two miles away from the water, and it is about ninety miles from Yanwo to Siwangkou Haikou.

Discretion should be done to treat river affairs. To treat a river is like treating a disease, you must first investigate its cause.If you want to know the cause, you must first press the pulse to know where the cause of the disease is, and then apply the medicine.Not only can the disease be cured, but there will never be any future troubles.If you just apply medicine on the sore without asking where the poison originated, this is not what a good doctor does.The Yellow River is infested in Shandong, but the pathogen does not lie in Shandong.If we only treat the Yellow River in Shandong, how is it different from applying medicine to sores?Although the pain can be relieved for a while, the old disease will recur soon, because the poison has not disappeared, and the root of the disease has not been pulled out.Hushui's nature is like that of a human being, and it is good at first. If you don't guide and teach it, your nature will change.The raw water in the sky was originally used to nourish people, so how can it harm people?But people don't know its nature, and they don't prevent it from moving, so they make it violent and tyrannical, the people are confused, the country's money is empty, and there is no end to it.Inferring the reason, the good cause of flood control is only a corner, not the overall situation.If I make mistakes again and again today, I am afraid it will be in vain.If you want to get it done once and for all, it is advisable to steal the original first.Looking at the Yellow River from Shandong, the Yellow River is only in Shandong.Looking at the Yellow River from China, there are still people who are not in Shandong. How do you know that the Yellow River in Shandong does not come from other places?Therefore, China governs the Yellow River, and the Yellow River can be governed.If Shandong controls the Yellow River, the Yellow River may eventually be difficult to control.Please explain in detail, tracing the source of the Yellow River, it came out of Xingxiu Sea, passed through Gansu, flowed into the Mongolian desert, changed its course several times, and arrived at Shanxi. , and then go out through the earth mountain to the east, dragging mud and water, straight into Henan, until it is invincible and the water is getting muddy.This is the pathogen of the Yellow River.The disease in the downstream is good from this, and the indications should be added to the pathogen.The sand that covers the silting downstream is dragged from the upstream.The upper reaches are high, like a strategic tower, and bounded by mountains on both sides, the water flow is extremely fast, and the sand cannot stop. Once it passes through Rongze, the water power of the plain will be killed, and the sand will stop when the flow is slow.If the sand stops, the river will be silted up, and if the river is too silted up, the water will be diverted. This is a natural principle.All the past events have been proved.The only river diverted, thousands of people suffered disasters, diverted to ravines, and died of hunger and cold.On the other hand, the Yellow River moved south to the north, doing whatever it wanted freely, with Kaifeng as the center, and creating a radius road of its own.Wherever the river passes, the sand stops and the beach is knotted, and the people lament its fish.However, there is no incurable water in the world. Although it is not easy, it is not difficult for human beings to do it.What is its law?It's just asking for arithmetic.How easy is it to govern the law?The Yellow River extends across the territory of China and is more than 10,000 miles long.The height of the terrain, the curvature of the river, the urgency of the water, and the amount of sand contained in it have been studied in detail at the end, and there is no diagram.Ask the various waterfronts, and few can answer.In order to control the river now, there are three things that should be done first: 1. Measure the situation of the whole river.The width, narrowness and depth of the river, the height and thickness of embankments, and the depth of large and small waters must be recorded in detail; 1. Surveying and mapping of river maps must be detailed; Check the number of sand, and check the hydraulic power at any time, and the number of sand stop.Where water-based and sand-based, there are occasional changes, which must be recorded in detail for reference.The above three things are all very delicate, but the most important thing is that without this, one cannot know the nature of the river, one cannot determine the work to be done, one cannot guide the flow of the river, one cannot accommodate the rise of the water, and one cannot prevent disasters. Health also.If these three things have not been done, all the projects will be difficult to succeed in the end, so you can relax for a while, and the previous achievements will be exhausted without hesitation.If the surveying and mapping are detailed, carefully reviewed, and the overall situation is under control, then you can consider the projects that should be done for a long time. It is still necessary for the Yellow River in all provinces to be controlled by one official, so that they can be protected and there will be no future troubles. However, if it is done in this way, the funds will be huge. .However, if you want to do it once and for all, it is advisable to first calculate the annual cost of raising the river, the cost of blocking the construction, the amount of food exempted, the amount of relief and compensation, the amount of property submerged, the amount of people's lives died, and how much profit can be made after eliminating the disadvantages. A total of several, compared with the money spent, which one is more important, which one is more important, which one is harmful and which one is beneficial, so there is no hesitation.According to the pictures, we can know the water-based terrain of a certain place and determine the body of the river.From the body of the river, the speed of the water flow can be determined without changing it; the height of the water surface can not be moved.The shallowness and depth of the river bottom, the fragility of the river bank, and the firmness of the materials can all be related to each other, and there is no need to worry about accidents.These are all the subtle principles of mathematics, and cannot be taken as meaning.The most difficult thing is to fix the river body.It should be known how high the rising water is, what its nature is, how much the sand stops at the bottom of the river, how much stops the sand at the beach, the height and speed of the rise are different.It is necessary to know the various speeds when setting the river body, so that no matter whether it rises high or low, its speed is enough to brush the sand into the sea.The shape of the river bends, causing dangerous work, and it must be changed accordingly. However, it is not an easy task, and it will not be successful without careful calculation.If the Gaicai bend is straight, the road will be closer, and if the road is closer, the rate will be low, that is, the number of terrain heights will increase.If the low speed increases, the speed will also increase, and if the speed increases, the number of water crossings will also increase. It is especially suitable to cut off a bend after planning for upstream and downstream traffic during high tide.Covering the bend can incur other dangers, which must be taken into account, and this is not just a matter of eyesight.

The capital of the river embankment is also used to draw water, and it must be calculated together with the river body.That is to say, the slope entering the water must be solid to prevent abnormal surges, so as not to cause trouble.As for the height and thickness of the embankment, it depends on the looseness of the soil and the firmness and brittleness of the material.As for how to make the method, it also depends on the height of the water line and the priority of the water power.The required materials are always able to resist the water. It is not necessary to use all the stone embankments, and it is not necessary to use all the materials. The earth embankment is built solidly, and the willows and grass are protected, which is enough to resist ordinary water power.Checking the embankments of the river protection in various countries, most of them are made of soil, and there are no stone workers.But it must be calculated legally, the location is appropriate, the guards are unremitting, and the ears must not be trampled on.Its stone embankment stockyard is only used in dangerous places.All in all, what can be saved should be saved, and what cannot be saved must not be saved, but the calculation must be precise and detailed.The supervisor hereby draws two types of dikes, which seem to be suitable for the Yellow River. Where to use which type, we will wait for temporary investigation and adjust measures according to local conditions. It does not mean that the whole river should be used instead.However, no matter what kind of material is used, it must be of the highest grade to last for a long time.When the water is high, the river reaches the root of the embankment, and when the water is small, the river is between the banks.Both embankments and banks are loose soil, which is often carried by the torrent and then turns into sand. When the flow is slow, it becomes a high beach, and the accumulation gradually becomes dangerous.This is certainly a concern, but what is more, the earth hills in the upper reaches will collapse into the water at any time, and flow to the lower reaches, which will cause serious trouble.We should try to protect it, and build slopes on both sides of the water, first protect it with mud, then plant grass pieces, and plant more trees to make it firm.Where there is danger, it is advisable to drive piles at the root of the bank, weave tree branches into baskets, fill them with soil into blocks, then stack stones as walls, or lay stones as slopes, and throw large stones on the bottom of the water to resist water.On both sides of the earth mountain, it is also necessary to throw rocks to the bottom of the water, and then build stone walls on top of it to prevent subsidence. In this way, the bank soil will not be dragged by the water, the river will gradually clear, and the river hazard will naturally decrease day by day.This is an urgent project for river control.Daliu should be taught to often walk in the middle of the river, where to find a way, and you can't make a reservation at this time.It is necessary to build more dams at the bottom of the bend to guide the flow.Branches or stones should be used to carry the dam, and it should be handled at any time according to the situation, but straw cannot be used if it cannot last for a long time and has no strength.Attention should also be paid to the water reduction dam, in order to prevent abnormal flooding, it is advisable to set it up beside the embankment.The terrain should be measured first, the situation surveyed, and the direction of the dam mouth determined by the direction of the river.This dam must be made of boulders and Semend soil.The rivers raised behind the dams, or the existing rivers, should be restrained by building strong embankments, so that the water passing by the common people will not be a beggar to neighboring countries.This river must also be wide and deep, not too curved, and lower than the Yellow River, so that it can be used together if there is room for water in its body.Use a machine dredger to pick and dig it, and then build the seawall first, and then use the machine, or you can get twice the result with half the effort.This seawall connects the long embankment into the sea, and the hydraulic power will be enhanced, and the sand can be driven to the depths of the sea, which is an indispensable project for Haikou.Then use a machine to block the sand and dig a deep one, so that the hydraulic power is more intense, and the rest can be played by itself.This project requires a lot of money, but Haikou in every country has it, why is the Yellow River alone?The Mississippi estuary in the United States and the Daniubai estuary in Austria were also congested in the past. Today, large ships can travel. This is a clear proof of this.The seaport of Sina, France, was also obstructed by sand blocking before, and sailing was the most dangerous. The passage was filled with large rocks, and a seawall was built, which was higher than the tide level. The distance between the two ponds was ninety feet. So far the ship is convenient.Maisi Haikou, Biguo, also started this great project.In addition, there are many places, too numerous to enumerate.

The Yellow River stretches across several provinces and has a great relationship with the national economy and people's livelihood.At present, it is impossible to know the upstream water to the downstream.When the downstream is in danger, the upstream realizes it after the event, the voice is blocked, and the precautions will not be thorough.According to the method of Yongding River, wires should be set up along the river, and the electricity should be connected according to the section.This is a matter of urgency.Now that the project of harnessing the river has been carried out, the regulations for keeping the river should also be formulated so that all of them can be strictly followed and carried out forever, so that the previous achievements will not be wasted.Although the current river defense officer Bian is able to restrain himself and serve the public, the common people's evil habits of trampling dikes, picking soil, chopping willows and weeding are not widely prohibited.Laws and regulations should be established, strict prohibitions should be strictly enforced, thorough inspections should be conducted, and offenders should be punished.Houses are not allowed to be built on the embankment. If vehicles must be driven, roads must be specially built at the place where the road is specially built so as not to damage the embankment.Officials are inspected at any time, and if there is any incompleteness, it will be repaired.In this way, the project can be completed forever without the risk of accidents.Should gates and dams be built in the upper reaches of the Yellow River to retain sediment?Or choosing a large lake to reduce water should also be tested.Qiuzhihe has this method, and it is reasonable to declare.The mountains in the upper reaches should be planted with vegetation to reduce the water potential.In the countries of Thailand and the West, due to the outbreak of mountains and rivers, there have been repeated disasters. They ordered the planting of vegetation at the source and the mountains near the water, and the water was killed. Occasionally, one or two trees were cut down privately. Specializes in trees.Westerners attach great importance to this matter, which is a clear proof of its effectiveness.There are two reasons why Zha Shanshui broke out. One is because the soil on the mountain is loose and cannot absorb water; the other is because the mountain is steep and there is no way to stop water.If trees are planted everywhere, the roots of the trees can not only strengthen the soil, but also absorb water, and can kill the momentum, so that they can fall down calmly without falling down.If it is not suitable to plant trees on the mountain, grass should also be planted. Although its merits are not as great as trees, it is ultimately better than nothing.Since France promulgated the law on planting trees in the mountains of Albert, the results have been remarkable.

At present, the emergency matters should be done in the first part of the river regulation, and it will not be done overnight.It is necessary to measure the whole river in detail, estimate the work and materials, and make arrangements.Fang Zhenmei prepares.Sincerely fearing that the river will be rough, we can't wait, so we should do emergency first.There are no disasters now, but it will be easier to manage in the future, so what is the emergency?It is said to repair embankments, build dangerous works, and dredge the tail.As for changing the shape of the river to smooth its flow, stretching and shrinking the river body to conform to its nature, and protecting the embankment to prevent its inclination, all projects should be done calmly in the future, and there is no time to do so at this time.The method of repairing the embankment has been described in detail in the previous chapter, so there is no need to repeat it.But it should be used as a pad.If the dikes are too far apart, there is a danger of the river being too wide, and they are incomplete, and there is nothing to repair, and even repairs are useless.For dangerous work everywhere, it is advisable to solidify the whole line, and all workers should be sent to survey and estimate the project.All dikes that should be flushed and decayed dams should be protected, and dikes that are too low or too thin should also be heightened and thickened.On the slope facing the water inside the dike, a layer of mud should be added to plant green grass, and trees should be planted all over the base of the dike to prevent people from trampling on it.This is the most urgent task, and it is best to do it quickly.The root of the embankment in a dangerous place may be fixed by throwing stones or weaving a dam, which must also be adjusted according to local conditions.Where there is a road to pass through the embankment, it should be repaired immediately, and a gravel road should be built on the top of the embankment so that vehicles and horses can come and go without being damaged.The Weilu seaway is the most appropriate to be properly established. Tiemenguan and Hanjiayuan are now silted up, and the water at the silk net mouth is scattered, and there is no river channel.Checking this tailbone, the people who choose the site have different opinions: some say that the silted place of the iron gate should be dredged so that the water can return to the old way; Those who say that the river should be picked up from Yanwo and still pass through the mouth of the silk screen; some people who say that the Sancha River in Potai County should be diverted to the sea; some who say that the Yellow River should be picked up from Damajia The river reaches Kongjiazhuang and merges into the Tuhai River to make it enter the sea.Damajia is located eight miles upstream of Lijin. The Zhatuhai River is quite curved. The Kongjiazhuang River is about ninety feet wide, and the small water surface is about sixty feet. It is eight feet lower, and its upstream is below Yucheng, which has been completely silted up. Haikou is about seventy miles away from Kongjiazhuang, and there is no sand blocking.I despise that before the end of the Yellow River, its water should not flow into the Tuhai River, for fear that the turbidity will flow into the clear, and even the clear will become turbid, which is a pity.If you want to determine a place, you must measure it in detail everywhere, appreciate the height of the terrain, and observe the direction of the flowing water.Zha is now a very smart and diligent surveyor at the Military Academy, and spared no effort in surveying everywhere. Unfortunately, the time is too short to prepare in detail. The pictures drawn can only be read roughly, not to mention the number of water passing through each section of the river, and the location. The low rate is impossible to check.As far as the shape of the Yinhe River is concerned, the land at Haikou is very flat, so the shorter and straighter the Yinhe River, the better.Gaihe is short and straight, that is, the market increases at a low rate, and the flowing water is relatively strong.The body of the river must be able to accommodate ups and downs, and the two dikes must be able to contain water, and they must be extra strong to prevent bursting.About all the old river channels in Haikou, it is best not to use them. The old channels are all tortuous and the dikes are not well prepared. It is better to choose a new place to handle the situation according to the situation.No matter where the river is diverted today, there must be machines dredging the sand at the mouth of the river, and the water cannot wash it by itself. Because the disease of the river has not been cured, the river sand has not been reduced, and the disease of silting everywhere is still unavoidable. It is also like the old mouth being blocked by sand.Contemptuous of the shape of the river, the degree of being able to accommodate the smooth flow of water, there is no worry about accidents.The water reduction dam is an indispensable part, and where it should be located has not yet been considered in detail.Someone instructed that the eighteen miles downstream of Fucheng, Jinan, where the original rolling dam may be used together.The supervisor inspected the side road on the way home, and saw that the dam was still five miles away from the Yellow River. It was originally built to divert clear water from the mountains of Jinan into the Yellow River to assist in sand removal, but it has not yet been used.The dam gate is very small, only one zhang or four chi, and it is not connected to the rivers. If you want to use it, you have to pick another river to connect to the Xiaoqing River.Check the body of the Xiaoqing River, which is only enough to contain itself. When it is full, the water has overflowed the bank, and there is no river embankment to restrain it. If the Yellow River is poured in again, it will inevitably flood, even the city of Jinan Province may be drowned.If you want to reduce the water, it is better to enter the Tuhai River, but it still needs to be measured and calculated before making a decision. However, the Tuhai River must also be widened and embanked before it can be used.

The above four ends are all about knowing everything and saying everything.Whether it is right or not is subject to the ruling.This time, the supervisor has been commissioned to survey the river, and he often conducts surveys under contract with senior officials and local officials.Although everyone has slightly different views, they all agree to help each other, to work for the country, to serve the Zhongtang, to care about the national economy and the people's livelihood, and to think once and for all.There is no distinction between Chinese and foreign.Xian wants to approve of the great achievements of benefiting the country and the people, but there is no prejudice in his chest.

Yours sincerely, Rufar. Li Hongzhang's governor of Yueye, after succeeding the former governors Li Hanzhang and Tan Zhonglin, everything has been neglected, thieves are rampant, and talismans are everywhere.Hongzhang arrived, the wind was vigorous and vigorous, and the law was restored on the spot, and it was done with rigor and cruelty. Killing is useless, and the gentleman is sick.However, the group of thieves frightened their prestige, and they either died or fled, and the place also relied on Xiaoan.And the most pernicious among Cantonese people is the matter of wages paid by gambling.The blazing wind of robbery in central Guangdong actually comes from the wind of gambling.Don't gamble if you haven't stolen, and don't steal if you haven't gambled.Hongzhang's persuasion of gambling is also euphemistically called arrest funds, which means that the gambling money is used to control theft.What is it that fears the people and teaches them not to steal?After admonishing them, and punishing them again, the gentleman says that they have no hearts.Mencius said: If you fall into a crime and then punish it, it is against the people.If a husband does not teach and punishes, he is still saying that he is disobedient to the people, so how about persuading him to make people punished?Raising the soup to stop the boiling, putting out salaries to put out the fire, is it old and rebellious?Otherwise, He Wanjie's end is because of the detriment of morality and reputation, which will be left to future generations.Or say: Hongzhang knows that gambling is inevitable, so it is better to use it to save government expenses.It is not easy to stop the husband's prostitution, but I have never heard that officials can set up female wives; the robbery is not easy to stop, but I have never heard that officials can set up mountains.Li Hongzhang may not know such principles.If you know it and do it again, it is said that you have no heart.

Hongzhang came to Guangdong to plan to implement the police law in the provincial capital, following Huang Zunxian's proposal.The business is gone. Guangdong, China and foreign countries are mixed with good and bad.Cunning people often borrow religion as a talisman to live in fish and meat, while priests of Catholicism and other churches often cover it up and indulge it.In the past ten years, the big officials have been redundant and incompetent, old and dying, fearing the ocean like a tiger, so their flames have grown.When Li Hongzhang came to Guangdong, he taught the people to try his old skills.Hongzhang treats his pastors and others according to the principle, strictly enforces the authority, and does not make any excuses.After going through it once or twice, no one dared to do it again.Hee hee!Although it may not be enough for a veteran diplomat with decades of experience to be a great enemy, such a person is really not enough to be one of them.Today's local officials are too pitiful for those who fear the way when handling teaching plans.

When Hongzhang came to Guangdong, the government decreed that the Kang party was gaining momentum overseas and engaged in suppressing Yun.Hongzhang is the three members of the family who hunted down overseas righteous people.Children without guilt, harassment of the people, barbaric regime, why not.Or say: It is not Li Hongzhang's intention.Although, I dare not hide it.