Chapter 12 Chapter Eleven: The End of Li Hongzhang

Li Hongzhang's position since the Boxer Rebellion After the death of Li Hongzhang, the Treaty of Manchuria between China and Russia Li Hongzhang's initial appointment as governor of Jiangsu had only a false name and could not take office; his final appointment as governor of Zhili also had only a false name and could not take office.It is good fortune to make children, if they deliberately play tricks on them.Although, the feeling of past and present makes people short of breath.It has not been a year since Hongzhang came to Guangdong, but there is a case of Boxer.Why did the Boxers start?It is also the reactionary force of the Reform Movement of 1898.At the beginning, the current emperor disobeyed the queen mother with the new policy, and in the August change, the six sages were killed.The group of small rivals flourished, but Kang Youwei died in England, and Liang Qichao left for Japan.Yingting's die-hard party, who already hated outsiders, didn't know the public law, thought that foreign countries would coerce Kangliang for their own benefit.As a result, the resentment became more and more serious, and the people in the north, since the Tianjin religious case and the Jiaozhou separatist regime, had accumulated resentment and injustice for a long time, so the art of false foxes and fire springs took advantage of the time.The die-hard party thinks that it can be used to achieve my goals, and it is used to advantage.Therefore, the boxer is a combination of the government and the people, but their goals are different: the people are all for the public, foolish and unscheming, and gentlemen pity them;

If Li Hongzhang was in Zhili at that time, it is still unknown whether this misfortune could not have happened, or if Hongzhang suffered from it first, along with Yuan and Xu generations.However, the heavens did not make the hardships calm down early, but they did not make Li Zhi die early.One Ruodai set up a position for Li and made his life history become a major result.After June, the coalition forces forced the capital, so Li Hongzhang resumed the order of the Minister of Peace and Plenipotentiary. At that time, the planner for Li Hongzhang said, support Guangdong, Guangxi and establish a new political system in Asia, and go up; So willing, next also.Although, the first righteous person can only be practiced with extraordinary knowledge and extraordinary courage, and Li Hongzhang is not the same person.When he was strong forty years ago, he still didn't dare to break the rules, what's more, the eighty-year-old An Neng said this?Therefore, those who speak this way cannot know Li Hongzhang as a person.The second meaning is similar, but at that time Guangdong did not have any soldiers available, and this move was also suspected. In case the courtiers were incompetent with Li, they were called soldiers who committed crimes. It's so bad!Fang Risi thought about accommodating in order to preserve his reputation, but this is beyond his reach.Although, he has been familiar with the third principle and has made his own choice. He knows that there may be accidents when he enters the capital alone, so he delays his journey. He knows that the peace negotiation will not be possible unless the capital is broken, so he stays in Shanghai. , not issued for several months.

The two palaces are hunting, and the negotiation is the beginning.Although the war with Han this time is not as difficult and dangerous as Japan's, the entanglements are also more than that.At this time, Hongzhang maintained his composure and continued to study. Fortunately, all countries were tired of chaos, and the imperial court had the intention of regretting the disaster. Therefore, in July of the twenty-seventh year of Guangxu, the twelve clauses of the peace treaty were as follows: Paragraph 1. Minister Ke, the imperial envoy of Great Germany, was murdered｜The event occurred on the 9th day of the sixth month of this year in the Western calendar, that is, the 23rd day of the fourth month in the Chinese calendar. According to the decree (Appendix 2), Prince Chun Zaifeng was appointed as the first class Special envoy minister; before going to the great German emperor, on behalf of the great Qing emperor and the country's regret.Prince Chun has complied with the order and set off from Beijing on the 12th day of the seventh month in the Western calendar, that is, the 27th day of the fifth month in the Chinese calendar.2. The state of the Qing Dynasty has declared that a stele with an inscription will be erected at the place where the victim was killed, matching the taste of the Minister of Ke, and listing the emperor's regret for the murder, written in Lading, German, and Chinese.Earlier, on July 22 of this year in the Western calendar, which is the seventh day of June in the Chinese calendar, the Imperial Envoy and Plenipotentiary of the Qing Dynasty sent a letter to the Imperial Envoy and Plenipotentiary of Tai Germany (Appendix 3).Now a memorial archway has been built at the place where the victim was killed, covering all the streets. The construction started on June 25th of this year in the Western calendar, that is, on the 10th day of the fifth lunar month in the Chinese calendar.

The second paragraph 1. Punish the heads of the countries and people who hurt the countries and blame the ministers.The 13th and 21st days of February in the Western calendar this year, that is, the third day of the first month of December 25 in the previous year in the Chinese calendar, successively issued decrees, and the crimes convicted are listed below (Appendix 4, 5, 6 ).King Zaiyi of Duanjun County and Duke Zailan of the auxiliary state were both charged with beheading and waiting for prison, and they also agreed that if the emperor thought that he should be given grace to lend him his death, he would be sent to Xinjiang to be imprisoned forever without relief; Prince Zhuang Zaixun, Zuodu of the Metropolitan Procuratorate Yushi Yingnian and Minister of Criminal Affairs Zhao Shuqiao were all ordered to commit suicide; Governor Yuxian of Shanxi Province, Minister of Rites Qixiu, and Zuo Shilang Xu Chengyu of the Ministry of Criminal Justice were all determined to execute the law immediately. Xu Tong and Li Bingheng, the former Governor of Sichuan, are both dead. If they pursue the original officials, they will be dismissed immediately.In addition, Xu Yongyi, Minister of the Ministry of War, Lishan, Minister of the Ministry of Households, Xu Jingcheng, the left servant of the Ministry of Officials, Lianyuan, a cabinet bachelor and minister of the Ministry of Rites, and Yuan Chang, Minister of the Taichang Temple, were killed for the heinous crime of refusing to refute the justice and laws of various countries in the previous year. On February 13th of this year in the Western calendar, that is, on December 25th in the previous year in the Chinese calendar, a decree was sent to the restoration officer to show Zhaoxue (Appendix 7).Prince Zhuang Zaixun committed suicide on February 21st of this year, which is the third day of the first lunar month in the Chinese calendar, and Zhao Shuqiao committed suicide on the 24th, that is, the sixth day of the Yingnian year.Yuxian had recited on the second day, which is the fourth day, and Qixiu Xu Chengyu had rectified the Fa on the sixth day, which is the eighth day.On February 13th of this year in the Western calendar, that is, on the 5th of December in the previous year in the Chinese calendar, Dong Fuyang, the admiral of Gansu, was dismissed from his post.On the 9th day of April in the Western calendar, the 3rd day of the June month, and so on, that is, the 11th day of March and the 17th day of the fourth month in the Chinese calendar, decrees were issued successively, and all acknowledgments in the murder case in the summer of last year Offended officials from other provinces will be punished separately.2. The above decree suspends civil and military examinations for five years in cities and towns where people from various countries have been murdered and abused (Appendix 8).

The third item is that the secretary of the Japanese embassy Akira Sugiyama was murdered, and the emperor of the Qing Dynasty Cong Yurong's ceremony has been decreed on June 18th of this year in the Western calendar, which is the third day of the fifth lunar month in the Chinese calendar. As a special envoy, he went to the emperor of Japan to represent the emperor of the Qing Dynasty and the country's condolences (Appendix 9). The fourth paragraph of the Qing Dynasty allowed the construction of monuments that were defiled and excavated the tombs of the countries. It has been negotiated with the ministers of all powers of the countries. Pay the estimated fee in silver taels, 10,000 taels per place in the capital area, and 5,000 taels per place in other provinces.This silver tael has been paid off.A list of the tombs where the stele was built is attached (Appendix 10).

The fifth paragraph of the Qing Dynasty state prohibits the transport of general fire and various materials specially used for the manufacture of arms into China. The purpose is to ban imports for two years.Afterwards, if the countries feel that there is still something that should continue the ban, they can also issue a decree to extend the two-year limit (Appendix 11). The sixth item was issued to the emperor of the Qing Dynasty to agree to pay the country a compensation of 450 trillion taels of customs silver. On the first day of November, the total amount of compensation for each country, society, individual and Chinese people as stated in the second clause of the Articles (Appendix 12). (A) The four hundred and fifty trillion are customs silver taels, which can be exchanged for gold according to the market price. The market prices are as follows: one tael of customs silver is three marks zero fifty-five in Germany, which is Austrian. Three Colony five ninety-five, that is, the United States one dollar zero seven forty-two, that is, the French three Frank five, that is, the British three shillings, that is, one Japanese dollar four hundred and seventy-seven, that is, the Netherlands one Fleur zero seven ninety-six, that is, Russia One ruble forty-two.The Russian ruble, calculated in gold, is seventeen doria four twenty-four.The four hundred and fifty trillion yuan will be fixed at an annual interest rate of 4%, and will be repaid by China in thirty-nine years according to the chapters of the attached table (Appendix 13).The principal and interest shall be paid in cash, or in cash at the market price on the repayment date.The repayment of principal begins on the first day of the first month in 1902 and ends in 1940.The repayment of the principal and all the payments shall be repaid on a yearly basis, and the initial payment shall be on the first day of the first month of 1901.The repayment of interest shall start from July 1, 1901.However, the Chinese state can also extend the interest owed for the first six months to December 31, 1901, within three years from the first day of the first month of 1902. pay back.However, the interest on the extended interest payment shall also be paid off at 4% per annum.In addition, interest is paid every six months, and the first payment is scheduled to be made on the first day of July, 1902. (B) All matters concerning the arrears shall be handled in Shanghai.Afterwards, each country sends a director of the bank to collect and deposit the total amount of principal and interest paid by the Chinese officials in charge, and distribute it to those who interfere, and the bank will issue a receipt. (C) The Chinese state handed over the national rescue ticket to the leaders of the imperial envoys stationed in Beijing.This guarantee ticket will be divided into zero tickets in the future, and each ticket will be marked by an official sent by China.All matters concerning this section and invoices shall be handled by the bank directors mentioned above in accordance with the orders of their respective countries. (D) Repayment of all deposits from the financial resources of the bond should be deposited with the director of the bank every month. (E) The sources of funds for undertaking the guaranteed bills are listed below: 1. The incoming funds of the new customs, after the principal and interest of the previously secured loans have been paid, the remaining import goods tax will be increased to 50% of the actual value, and the remaining money will be paid. The number of increases is added.All duty-free goods imported from abroad, except for rice and grain noodles of various colors and gold and silver and gold and silver coins imported from abroad, should be included in the five goods of real value.2. All incoming funds from the permanent customs, and the permanent customs at each treaty port, shall be managed by the new customs.3. Except for the repayment of one loan from Taixi, all the input items of the Salt Administration shall be included together, until the import tax is increased to 50% of the actual value.All countries are now allowed to do so, but they must be｜Two ends: First, import taxes are collected according to the estimated value, and anyone who can change it should quickly change to tax collection by piece.After changing the first level, it is believed that the basis for estimating the price of the goods should be the value of each cargo at the time of unloading in 1897, 1897, and 1993, which is the market price excluding the total amount of imports and miscellaneous expenses.Before it was changed, the tax was still levied according to the estimated value.Both the Beihe and Huangpu waterways should be improved, and the Chinese state should allocate funds to help.Up to the first level of tax increase, the operation will start after two months of depositing on this clause. Except for goods that have been in transit no later than ten days after the date of depositing, no deposit will be exempted.

Item 7: The state of the Qing Dynasty allowed each embassy to be designated as a place for exclusive use and residence.And it is managed by the embassy alone.Chinese citizens are not allowed to live within the territory.It can also be defended by the line. The boundary line of the embassy is marked on the attached map as follows (Appendix 14): the line on the east is Chongwenmen Street, and the words ten, eleven, and twelve are on the map; five and six are on the north map. , 7, 8, 9, 10 and other universe lines, the west map is the line of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and other universes; the south map is the line of 12 and 1, and this line follows the south of the city wall. The site is drawn along with the battlements.According to the article attached on the 16th day of the first month of the year 1901 in the Western calendar, which is the 26th day of the previous year in the Chinese calendar, the Chinese state promised that all countries should be independent, and the embassies should be protected by permanent troops.

Section 8. The state of the Qing Dynasty promised to flatten the Dagu forts and all the forts that obstruct the passage from the capital to the sea, and have tried to do so. Paragraph 9 According to the clause attached to the article on the 16th day of the first month of 1901 in the Western calendar, that is, the 26th day of November in the previous year in the Chinese calendar, the Chinese state promises to be hosted by each country, and it will be garrisoned in several places at its discretion. , so as to ensure that the passage from the capital to the sea is not cut off.The current garrison places of various countries are Huangcun, Langfang, Yangcun, Tianjin Junliang City, Tanggu, Lutai, Tangshan, Luanzhou, Changli Qinwang Island, and Shanhaiguan.

Article 10 The state of the Qing Dynasty has allowed two years, and the prefectures, prefectures and counties will promulgate the above edicts that will be mentioned later: 1. The first day of the second month of the Western calendar this year is the thirteenth day of December of the previous year in the Chinese calendar. On the day, the decree issued a permanent ban on setting up or entering meetings with enemies of various countries, and those who violated them would be executed (Appendix XV).2. An edict was issued on 0.00.00 in the Western calendar year, which is 0.00.00 in the Chinese calendar, and the punishment for the offenders shall be determined one by one.3. On 0.00.00 in the Western calendar this year, which is 0.00.00 in the Chinese calendar, the people of all countries were killed and tortured, and all towns and cities stopped civil and military examinations.4. On the first day of February of this year in the Western calendar, that is, on the 13th of December in the previous year in the Chinese calendar, the decree was issued, and the governors, civil and military officials of each province, as well as the officials of the divisions, have the responsibility to ensure the safety of the territory they belong to. People's affairs, or further violations of the contract, must be suppressed and punished immediately, otherwise the person in charge will be dismissed immediately, will never be employed, and will not be excused or rewarded (Appendix 16).The above decrees are now gradually posted throughout China.

Article 11. The Qing State agreed to discuss and discuss the various treaties on commerce and shipping that should be reformed by various countries, as well as other matters related to commerce, in order to make it easier and simpler.According to the compensation matters in the sixth paragraph, it is agreed that the Chinese state should assist in the improvement of the Beihe and Huangpu waterways. All countries send personnel to build and repair.Once the management of Tianjin affairs is handed over, it can be handled by the Chinese state and other countries. The Chinese state should pay 60,000 yuan to the customs bank every year to support its workers.1. The Huangpu River Channel Bureau is hereby set up to manage, organize and improve the various offices of the waterways. All members of the bureau will be assigned to protect the interests of all trades in Shanghai on behalf of China and other countries.It is estimated that in the next 20 years, the bureau's various work and management fees should spend 460,000 taels of customs silver every year. This amount will be divided equally, half of which will be paid by the Chinese state and half by foreign interveners.The detailed sections of the staff's errands and entitlements and responsibilities are listed in the attached document (Appendix 17)

Section 12. On July 24th of this year in the Western calendar, that is, on the ninth day of June in China, a decree was issued to change the prime minister's office of national affairs to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs according to the discretion of the countries, before the sixth department of the train.In this edict, the kings and ministers of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs have been dispatched (Appendix XVIII).In addition, it has been agreed that the Chinese minister of plenipotentiary will take notes on the record for the modification of the meeting etiquette of the imperial ministers of various countries.This note will be described in the attached abridged (Appendix XIX). It is hereby stated that the above-mentioned languages, as well as the documents attached to the ministers of the plenipotentiaries of all countries, are all based on French.In the case of the Qing Dynasty, according to the above, on December 22, 1900 in the Western calendar, that is, on the first day of November in the twenty-sixth year of Guangxu in the Chinese calendar, all the clauses in the text are suitable for the meaning of the countries. If it is done properly, China is willing to end the situation created by the summer turmoil in the 1900s, and all countries will follow suit.The Ministers Plenipotentiary of all countries declare on behalf of their governments that, except for the troops defending the embassy as mentioned in the seventh paragraph, the troops of all countries will start on 0.00. Riquan retreated from the capital.In addition to the places mentioned in the ninth item, they also retreated from Zhili Province on 00.00.1901 in the Western calendar, that is, on 00.00.00 in the Chinese calendar.Twelve copies of the above clauses have now been drafted in the same text, all of which are signed and pledged by the plenipotentiaries of the various countries. The peace treaty of the coalition forces has been established, and there is still one thing that Li Hongzhang owes unsettled, which is the case of the Russian Manchuria incident.According to the secret treaty between China and Russia, the Russians had the right to send troops to protect the Eastern Railway. When the Boxer Rebellion broke out, the two countries violated their promises, so the Russians took advantage of the pretext to plunder the land of Heilongjiang, Jilin, and reached Yingkou. north.There is a problem with the coalition forces in the east, so there is no way to ask.When the peace talks started, the Russians insisted that this matter should be discussed separately by China and Russia, and it should not be discussed with the capital.I have to promise it.And the peace agreement of various countries, and then the issue of Manchuria arose.Is Li Hongzhang afraid of Russia?Why are you pro-Russian?Is there any last resort?Although it is not known, the agreement discussed at the beginning is like putting the three eastern provinces under the sphere of influence of Russia, which is obvious.The article is recorded as follows: Article 1 Russia will return Manchuria to China, and administrative matters will be handled as usual. Article 2 Russia will keep troops to protect the Manchurian Railway, and it may withdraw its troops only after the area is calm and the four key points of this treaty are fulfilled. Article 3 If there is an incident, Russia will help China suppress it with this soldier. Article 4 If the Chinese Railway (Note: Suspected to refer to the Manchuria Railway) has not been opened, China cannot station troops in Manchuria.That is to say, troops may be stationed in the future, and the number must be agreed with Russia, and the import of weapons to Manchuria is prohibited. Article 5 If a local high-ranking official handles various matters inappropriately, the official must be dismissed at the request of Russia.Manchurian scouts must negotiate with Russia to determine their number, and foreigners are not allowed. Article 6 The army and navy of Manchuria and Mongolia shall not employ foreigners for training. Article 7 China should abandon the autonomy of North Jinzhou at Lushunkou. Article 8 The railway mines in Manchuria, Mongolia, Xinjiang, Yili, etc., and other interests, must not be transferred to other countries without the permission of Russia, or China must also obtain the permission of Russia for its own.Land other than Niuzhuang shall not be leased to other countries. Article 9 All military expenses of Russia shall be paid by China. Article 10 If the Manchurian Railway Company suffers any damage, it must be negotiated between the Chinese government and the company. Article 11 For the things that are damaged now, China should make compensation, or use all or part of the interests as guarantee.Article 12 Allow China to build a railway from a branch of the Manchuria Railway to Beijing. This grass is about one cloth, and the officials and people in the southern province of Xinjiang are very passionate. Xian Feidian stopped it, or held a speech meeting to jointly protest.And Britain, the United States, and Japan have also revived their tongues and are bound to interfere.As a last resort, Russia allowed itself to make concessions.After several months, the approximate number of things before the revision is as follows: Article 1 is the same as Article 2 is the same as Article 3 is the same as Article 4 Although China may place troops in Manchuria, the number of its troops shall be determined by an agreement with Russia, and China shall not object to the agreement with Russia.However, it is still not allowed to import weapons to Manchuria. Article 5 is the same as Article 6 is deleted Article 7 deletes Article 8 In Manchuria, those who attempt to develop mines, build railways, and other interests shall not be allowed to grant these interests to the subjects of other countries unless China makes an agreement with Russia. Article 9 is the same as Article 10 is the same as and added to this is the agreement of the ministers of various countries stationed in Beijing, and it is the method adopted by each country. Article 11 is the same as Article 12 China may build a railway from a branch of the Manchuria Railway to the Great Wall on the border of Zhili. As a result, Li Hongzhang was dying of illness.In his eighty years, Hongzhang has suffered a lot, and now he is dying. He has suffered this change again, depressed and overworked, and he has survived normally.Since the beginning of this year, the liver disease has become more and more serious, sometimes violent, or like a madman, and Russian envoys are used to help the sky, threaten and drink, and Yu Yi is embarrassed. , on September 27th, Guangxu twenty-seventh year, died in the Xianliang Temple in the capital.One o'clock before hearing the news, the Russian envoy Shang came to urge Hua Yayun.The death agreement has not yet been decided, and it is now committed to Wang Wenshao, Prince Qing.At the end of his life, he didn't talk about family affairs, but gritted his teeth and said: "It's a shame that Yuxian has ruined the country so far."Then he said, "the two palaces refused to return to Luan."So he died in peace at the age of seventy-eight.The government received a telegram while traveling, and the palace was deeply mourned.On the next day, an edict was issued: I respect Yi's decree.Li Hongzhang, the governor of Zhili, Su Yibo, a first-class scholar, has profound knowledge of weapons and great talents, and Hanlin advocated to lead the Huai army.The bandits Kan Pingfa and Nian made great achievements, and the imperial court gave them special favors, and they were named earls in Jin Dynasty.Yi Zan Lun Fei.The reinstated Governor Zhili also acted as Beiyang Minister, Kuang Ji was in a difficult situation, and he made peace with the present and foreign countries, and he was very experienced in seeking the country, with a deep heart.Last year, when the capital changed, the scholar was specially appointed as a minister with full powers to conclude a peace treaty with the envoys of various countries, which was considered appropriate.Fang hoped that the overall situation would be settled, and he was honored with the reward.Sudden news of his death, mourning Liang deeply.Li Hongzhang gave grace first, and gave him a shirt and a dharani quilt according to the university's rules.Send Prince Gong Puwei to lead ten guards to the funeral.He was given the posthumous posthumous title of Wenzhong, posthumously gifted to Tai Tuo, and made a first-class marquis in Jin Dynasty, and enshrined in the Xianliang Shrine to show his sincerity and sincerity.The rest of the code of the final decoration will be decreed again.This is it. Afterwards, five thousand taels of silver were rewarded for the funeral.Reward his son Li Jingshu as the fourth-rank Jingtang, inheriting the first-class marquis, Li Jingmai as the alternate of the Jingtang, and the rest of the descendants, the best rewards are poor.Give two altars.He also ordered the establishment of special temples in the provinces of origin and meritorious service, as well as in the capital, and local officials offered sacrifices when they were old, and included them in the temple ceremony.So the imperial court rewarded its meritorious deeds.And the influential figures of this generation actually joined the Beiyang Fleet, practiced defense and bravery, and bid farewell to the people of this world.The day I heard the newspaper became an elegiac couplet: Taixisi people go, Xu Sikong is depressed, Changhuai is reckless, and Lulong and Snake are here: Looking back, the mountains and rivers are different, only the setting sun is good, mourning the catastrophe, what is the reason for the crane returning to Liao.