Chapter 11 Chapter IX The Battle of King Wu's Conquerment of Merchant

Makino eagle sings the wind The Yin and Shang Dynasties were the peak period of China's bronze civilization, and the slave society was also highly mature. Thousands of oracle bone inscriptions and giant tripods stirred up the thoughts of future generations of human beings. The bones of the dead have prompted people to trace the trajectory of this powerful dynasty more than 3,000 years ago.This was once a prosperous country with four appearances, harmony and prosperity, with glory and dreams, just like everything in the world has its own birth, old age, sickness and death. As a glorious dynasty that has been prominent for more than five centuries in the long history, When it was passed down to the era of King Zhou, it was already sunset, and the breath was almost exhausted, only waiting for a certain day and time when the earth-shattering crash sounded.

King Yin Zhou, the most notorious and almost well-known king in Chinese history, was originally a versatile, heroic and strong emperor, but at the same time he was also an extremely conceited and arrogant king.After he took charge of the state affairs, he favored martial arts over literature, was brave and ruthless, loved beautiful women, favored treacherous craftsmen, was self-willed, and bloodthirsty.In the intertwining of singing and dancing on the stage of Chaoge City and the bloody wind, King Zhou of Yin finally experienced the swan song of the Yin Shang State for nearly six hundred years.

According to relevant historical materials and legends, after Zhou, the last emperor of the Shang Dynasty, came to power, he acted recklessly, became corrupt and full of evil.He built a large detached palace, a tall deer platform for storing gold, silver and jewelry in Chaoge outside the capital of Yin Ruins, and a warehouse for grain storage in Juqiao.In order to satisfy his desire to have fun, he sent people to search for beauties all over the world, and hid them under the tent in front of his bed. He also ordered musicians to make melody, singing and dancing day and night.What's more, he used wine as a pool and hung meat as a forest, and ordered the court ladies to chase them naked, for the pleasure of himself and his concubine Daji.He even went so far as to cut open the belly of a pregnant woman to see how the fetus is nourished in the womb.When he heard that an old man dared to walk in the water despite the cold weather, he ordered people to arrest the old man and cut off his leg bones to see how he was different from ordinary people. The people complained a lot, and the princes rebelled against their relatives.In this regard, King Zhou of the Shang Dynasty not only did not wake up, but also intensified and enacted many cruel criminal laws, such as meat jerky, that is, killing people, cutting them into slices and drying them into dried meat; There are tortures such as snake pits to deal with those officials who dare to accuse him.The most cruel thing is that he invented a kind of torture ingeniously, that is, he burned a hollow copper pillar red, and then tied the victim to the copper pillar, causing the victim to be scorched to death.A minister named Mei Bai was upright by nature and was extremely dissatisfied with King Zhou's actions.Seeing this, all the ministers in the palace knelt down to intercede for Mei Bo, and King Zhou restrained his anger a little.In order to prevent the ministers from slandering him casually, and to set an example, King Zhou ordered people to push Mei Bai out, cut off his head, chopped it into meat, wrapped it into buns, served it on a plate, and distributed it to each minister.From then on, no one in the civil and military courts of the Manchu Dynasty dared to speak easily about King Zhou's actions.Only the important minister Bigan was still loyal to the country, and he continued to remonstrate for three days. Finally, King Zhou was furious and said, "Why do you dare to criticize me in front of me?"Others say that your heart has seven orifices, but I want to see what your heart looks like.So inhumanely asked someone to cut Bigan's chest open, took out his heart, and let the ministers watch.

Guihou, Ehou, and Wenwang are the famous three princes conferred by King Zhou.Guihou had a dignified and beautiful daughter. In order to please King Zhou, he offered her daughter to the palace.Unexpectedly, this woman did not like lewdness, and expressed great disgust for what King Zhou did, which naturally led to her death.One day, King Zhou wanted to have fun with her, but she resolutely refused. King Zhou was furious, not only killed her, but also killed her father, Guihou, and chopped them into meat paste.Seeing that King Zhou killed innocent people indiscriminately, Ehou tried his best to argue for the ghost. King Zhou was even more annoyed, so he simply killed Ehou, chopped up his body, dried it in the sun, and showed it to the public.

When King Wen heard about it, he shuddered and sighed secretly.Unexpectedly, the news was leaked, and King Zhou found out about it, so he was arrested and imprisoned in Yili Prison, intending to order him to die.In order to save his father, Bo Yikao, the son of King Wen, brought treasures to ask King Zhou to see him. King Zhou not only failed to pardon King Wen, but even arrested Bo Yikao.Later, when Daji molested Boyi Kao and failed in the exam, she became angry and slandered Boyi Kao to be framed.King Zhou was furious and ordered Bo Yikao to be killed, chopped into minced meat, made into human meat buns and sent to King Wen on a plate, and King Wen ate it as a last resort.When King Zhou saw that King Wen ate the buns made from his own son's meat but didn't know it, he gloated and thought that King Wen was not a sage.Soon, in order to rescue King Wen from prison, the ministers of King Wen searched everywhere for beauties, strange things, and good horses to offer to King Zhou.Seeing this, King Zhou was very happy, and he pardoned King Wen and let him return to his hometown in Zhouyuan.

King Zhou indiscriminately tortured and killed innocent people, causing people to betray their relatives.King Zhou was also aggressive and continued to use troops to expand outward.At this time, the Shang Dynasty was at the end of the day and faced with the disaster of destruction. At the same time, a warm spring breeze is blowing on the Loess Plateau, which is thousands of miles away from the fertile fields. A nation with a history almost as old as the Shang nation is rising.The Zhou family, which started from the first king's abandonment, has experienced ups and downs and suffered miserably.Under the banner and order of emphasizing agriculture and prudent prison, respecting the sky and protecting the people, all the Zhou clan share weal and woe and are closely related.At the same time, helping the weak and helping the needy, and upholding justice have won the Zhou family the respect of many countries.

King Wen of Zhou, who was imprisoned by King Zhou for ten years, survived a catastrophe and escaped from the tiger's mouth by chance. After returning to his own country, he worked hard to govern and started a plan to destroy the business.He invited Lu Shang, a real wise and brave talent, to be his assistant, and respectfully called Lu Shang Taigong Wang.In the last seven years of his life, with the help of Lu Shang, King Wen mediated the disputes between Yu (now northeast of Pinglu County, Shanxi) and Rui (now northwest of Tongguan, Shaanxi) in the first year.As a result, King Wen's prestige in the eyes of the princes was improved, and more than forty countries voluntarily joined him, thus gaining great advantages in politics and diplomacy. Southwest of Lingtai, Gansu today); Quanrong is in the north of Zhou, and Mixu is in the west of Zhou.King Wen of Zhou conquered these two vassal states of Shang by force and relieved his worries, so he boldly advanced to the East with confidence.In the fourth year, they attacked Qi (southwest of Changzhi, Shanxi), and in the fifth year, they attacked Han (northwest of Qinyang, Henan).After Zhou’s small eastern states were wiped out one after another, in the sixth year he defeated Chong and pushed the war to Yin’s confidant. And gradually completed the plan to encircle Chaoge, the capital of Yin. Under such circumstances, King Wen of Zhou judged the situation and resolutely decided to move the capital from Qi to Feng, making final preparations for the destruction of Yin.Regrettably, at the moment when this great achievement was on the verge of completion, King Wen of Zhou died unfortunately.Ji Fa, the succeeding king of Wu, inherited his father's last wish and was determined to complete the unfinished business of King Wen.

At this time, King Zhou of Shang became more debauched and brutal day by day, wars broke out inside and outside the domain, princes rebelled one after another, and there was no peace in the southeast. Seeing that the conditions for defeating Zhou were ripe.But King Wu still did not act rashly. After all, the Shang Dynasty had operated for hundreds of years.He led a group of officials to make a calm and objective analysis of the situation, and then worked out a correct strategy. First, he moved the capital from Feng to Hao, and actively prepared to destroy the merchants.Then he led a large group of troops to watch soldiers in Mengjin, and conducted a military exercise and review.At this time, more than 800 princes and small countries came to participate in the alliance meeting.King Wu of Zhou won so many allies, and he knew what the people wanted and the trend of the times. The demise of the Yin and Shang Dynasties was not far away.

Two years later, King Wu learned that King Zhou was even more fatuous and tyrannical. He killed Prince Bigan, imprisoned Jizi and Tai Shizhen, and everyone in the court and the opposition were in danger. Finally, even Shao Shijiang fled overnight with musical instruments.The virtuous ministers and good generals left one by one, and King Zhou became a veritable loner.King Wu of Zhou thought that the time had come, so he led 300 chariots, 3,000 tigers (warriors), and 45,000 armored soldiers to attack Zhou on a large scale.In February of the following year, the allied forces gathered in Muye, a suburb of Chaoge in the Yin and Shang Dynasties, and held a swearing-in meeting. In a fierce and fierce tone, they angrily denounced the main crimes committed by King Zhou of Yin. Faith and courage must be gained.King Zhou had to stagger out of the arms of his concubine Daji when he heard the news that the Zhou army had joined forces with Muye and came to Chaoge. In a hurry, he gathered 170,000 horsemen, known as 700,000, and personally commanded them to fight in Muye.

The Battle of Muye, unprecedented in Chinese history, began. King Zhou Wu ordered his master Lu Shang to lead several warriors to challenge.I saw Lu Shang fighting the sky like an eagle, with the momentum to swallow King Zhou in one mouthful.Afterwards, King Wu led an elite army of 3,000 tigers and 300 military chariots, and rushed towards the Shang army like a storm. The Shang army was vulnerable to the Zhou people's fierce offensive.King Shang Zhou's army was originally made up of slaves as the main objects. They were oppressed and abused at ordinary times, and they had long hated the Yin Zhou Dynasty.Therefore, when the warriors of the Zhou army came to kill them, they mutinied in front of the battle, then turned around and fought with the merchant soldiers who escorted them, becoming the vanguard of King Wu of Zhou to open the way.The so-called 700,000 merchant army collapsed in an instant.Seeing that the general situation was over, King Zhou of Shang turned around and fled back to the palace, boarded the Lutai, and said his regretful words to Zhu Sheng, the palace official: I regret that I did not listen to the words of the officials, and was deceived by slander. , cannot be saved.I think that as the emperor's honor, if the city is destroyed, it will be gained by the small group, and there will be no humiliation.If you want to commit suicide, your body will remain in the human world, and you will still be thinking about others. It is better to set yourself on fire, and it will be clean.You take firewood and pile it downstairs, and I will burn it with this building.After Zhu Sheng heard this, his face was covered with tears, and he couldn't bear to act.King Zhou said: I will die this day, and it is not your fault.If you don't obey my orders, you will be guilty of disobedience.Listen to me!Zhu Sheng had no choice but to find some dry firewood, put it downstairs, and lit the fire, only to see thick smoke rising into the sky, wind and fire fierce, and the evil King Zhou of Shang set himself on fire in Lutai Palace and died.

The people of Zhou and their allies won the war, and the people in Chaoge, the capital of Shang, greeted the arrival of King Wu of Zhou with great joy.On the second day after Yin was destroyed, King Wu of Zhou ordered people to clear the road, reorganize the mountains and rivers, held an enthronement ceremony, and solemnly announced: According to the will of God, Zhou revolutionized Yin's order, the regime changed, and today is the Zhou family.From then on, Zhou became the master of the world, and a new unified dynasty was born in China. When do the drums sound? King Wu's defeat of Shang was undoubtedly a major event in ancient Chinese history. This event marked the demise of the Shang Dynasty and the establishment of the Zhou Dynasty. It was the undisputed dividing line between the Shang and Zhou dynasties, and it was also a very typical historical chronology topic. .From the perspective of chronological research, the presumption of this dividing line is the end point of the total accumulated years for the previous Xia and Shang, and it can directly affect the estimation of the number of kings in the subsequent Western Zhou Dynasty. .Therefore, the establishment of this fixed point is known as the most critical and important part of the entire Xia, Shang and Zhou dating projects. Due to the great and extraordinary influence of the historical event of King Wu's conquering of merchants, the documents handed down from ancient times have rich descriptions of this event. It provides a theoretical basis and possibility to deduce the year of King Wu's victory over Shang with the knowledge of astronomy and calendar.But when will King Wu's army set off?When will the drum of decisive battle sound?When was the fire in Lutai lit?All of this, the calculations of scholars are only theoretically feasible, and the solution to practical problems is much more complicated and difficult than pure theoretical calculations.Because the records handed down from ancient times on the event of King Wu's conquest of merchants are rich but incomplete, and it is difficult to distinguish the authenticity from the false, and even contradict and diverge from each other. As a result, scholars of all dynasties have different understandings of the materials, and the methods and methods used in the calculations. The angles are also very different, and the results are naturally very different. Dong Zuobin, a well-known modern scholar and a pioneer in the study of oracle bone inscriptions, believes that as early as the Warring States period, some people had tried to solve the problem of the year when King Wu conquered business.However, the academic circles generally believe that the earliest researcher on this issue should be Liu Xin in the late Western Han Dynasty. According to the "Book of Han", Liu Xin, styled Zijun (77-6 BC), was proficient in "Poetry" and "Book" since he was a child, and was summoned by Emperor Cheng of Han with his extensive talents, and he was granted the title of Huangmen Lang.Later, he was ordered to lead the school secretary together with his father and famous scholar Liu Xiang, and talked about the biography of the Six Arts, including scholars, poems, numerology, and square skills.After Liu Xiang's death, Liu Xin was reinstated as the lieutenant of the middle base.When Emperor Ai of the Han Dynasty came to the throne, because Wang Mang, the great Sima at that time, had been Huang Menlang together with Liu Xin when he was young, he recommended Liu Xin to be the doctor of Taizhong, and he was promoted to be the captain of Qidu and the doctor of Fengdong Guanglu, and he was reinstated. "Five Classics", the father's previous career after his death.After the death of Emperor Ai, Wang Mang took control of the Western Han Dynasty and relied more heavily on Liu Xin. Liu Xin was promoted as a doctor of Youcao Taizhong, and moved to Zhongba Xiaowei, Xihe, and Jing Zhaoyin, and made Zhimingtang Biyong and named Honglinhou.An official of Confucian history and divination, he studied the laws and calendars, and wrote "Three Tong Calendars".When Wang Mang usurped the throne and became the emperor, Liu Xin, as Wang Mang's confidant, was honored as the national teacher.After that, he committed suicide following his betrayal of Wang Mang. In the seventh year BC, Liu Xin formulated the famous "San Tong Calendar", and based on the "San Tong Calendar", he calculated that the year when King Wu conquered Shang was equivalent to 1122 BC.This conclusion had a profound influence in the next two thousand years and almost became orthodoxy.For example, Shao Yong's "Huangji Jingshi" in the Song Dynasty, Liu Shu's "Tongjian Waiji", Zheng Qiao's "Tongzhi", and Jin Lvxiang's "Tongjianqianbian" in the Yuan Dynasty all followed his theory.Although Liu Xin's calculation is unreliable, the academic circles still recognize that the calendar he formulated created a precedent for calculating the time when King Wu conquered Shang and gave great inspiration to later generations of scholars.Just as the modern historian Fan Wenlan commented in "General History of China": Liu Xin created a whole set of calendar theory, and also created "Shijing". Calculations are explained.This is a contribution to the exploration of ancient history, although the accuracy is not great. After Liu Xin, the most influential study on the year of King Wu's conquering Shang was the theory of 1111 BC calculated by the monks in the Tang Dynasty based on the "Da Yan Li".This conclusion has been supported by modern scholars such as Dong Zuobin. Yixing, commonly known as Zhang Sui, was born in Changle, Weizhou (now Nanle County, Henan).Born in the second year of Emperor Gaozong's Yongchun (683) and died in the 15th year of Emperor Xuanzong's Kaiyuan (727), he was an outstanding writer in the Tang Dynasty of China. His main contribution in his life was the compilation of "Dayan Calendar". Remarkable achievements have also been made in observing astronomical phenomena, manufacturing astronomical instruments and presiding over astronomical geodesy. The great-grandfather of the party, Zhang Gongjin, was a hero of Tang Taizong Li Shimin. He was once prominent, but the Zhang family had declined by the time of Wu Zetian, and Zhang Sui's father was only a county magistrate.Zhang Sui liked reading when he was a child, especially mathematics and astronomy, so that he was proficient in astronomy, calendar and Yin-Yang and Five Elements in his youth.Zhang Sui in his youth was at the time when the political situation in the Tang Dynasty was chaotic and the power of the Wu family was overwhelming.Because Zhang Sui didn't want to associate with domineering politicians, let alone be recruited and used by Wu Zetian's nephew Wu Sansi, he fled to Songshan, Henan to cut his hair and become a monk, named Yixing.During this period, he successively studied astronomy, mathematics and Buddhist scriptures in Songshan Mountain, Henan Province and Tiantai Mountain, Zhejiang Province. He translated and wrote many Buddhist scriptures, and gained a great reputation in the Buddhist circle.In the first year of Shenlong (705), after Wu Zetian abdicated, the Li Tang Dynasty called him back to Beijing many times because of his admiration for his knowledge and reputation, but he was rejected.In the first year of Taiji (712), Tang Taizong Li Longji came to the throne, ended the war, and adopted a series of reform measures and economic development measures, and the country's situation improved.In the fifth year of Kaiyuan (July 17), the Li Tang Dynasty, which had moved towards stability and prosperity, in order to sort out and compile the national books, Tang Xuanzong personally sent a group of clan uncles to Jingzhou, hired the group to Chang'an, the capital, and asked him to preside over the The work of compiling the calendar.After several years of preparatory work, the party began to compile the calendar in the thirteenth year of Kaiyuan (725).After more than two years, in September of the 15th year of Kaiyuan (727), the first draft of the calendar was finally compiled in Huayan Temple in Chang'an, but due to overwork, he could not afford to suffer from illness.When Tang Xuanzong heard the news, he urgently summoned eminent monks in the capital to chant scriptures and pray for him, but it didn't work.In October of this year, Yixing passed away at the age of forty-four. After his death, Zhang Shuo, Chen Xuanjing and other scholars sorted out the first draft of the calendar edited by a group, and named it "Da Yan Li", which was promulgated by the imperial court to make known to the world soon.After actual testing, "Da Yan Li" was the best calendar at that time, and it was more precise and reasonable than any other existing calendar in the Tang Dynasty.Its main achievement is to correctly grasp the law of the sun's annual movement.After a line of careful observation and calculation, he found that the movement speed of the sun on the ecliptic is not uniform. He arranged the solar movement table with steadiness, and used the quadratic difference interpolation method with unequal intervals in the calculation, which corrected the difference in the past calendar. The mistake of dividing the whole year into 24 solar terms is a great pioneering work in the history of mathematics and a major reform in the history of Chinese calendar.In the 21st year of Kaiyuan (733), the "Da Yanli" was introduced to Japan and has been in use for nearly a hundred years.Its writing method has been used by Chinese calendar scholars until the end of Ming Dynasty.Because of his outstanding contributions in astronomy, calendar, instrument manufacturing, mathematics, etc., he is known as one of the four ancient Chinese scientists who are as famous as Zhang Heng, Zu Chongzhi, and Li Shizhen.Although Yixing died young, his "Dayan Calendar" and the theory of the year when King Wu conquered Shang according to the calendar were passed down and remembered by future generations. After the line, there are many generations of people who have estimated the year when King Wu conquered Shang, and there have been many different theories. The 1122 BC estimated by Mi "Emperor's Century", the 1050 BC estimated according to the current "Bamboo Book Chronicles", and so on.And the scholar Yao Wentian put forward three theories of 1067, 1066, and 1065 BC in his "Chronology of the Early Years, Months, Days, Years, and Stars".Since modern times, especially after entering the 20th century, there have been more and more scholars studying the year when King Wu conquered Shang. Not only Chinese scholars but also Japanese, European and American scholars participated in the research. The researchers used different methods and different The perspectives have made in-depth explorations on this, and although there are still great disparities and differences between them, they have opened up new paths and prospects for the final solution of the problem. After the start of the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties project, a special research topic was set up in the year of King Wu's Conquest of Shang, and the experts in the expert group agreed that this topic is the key to all the problems involved in the project.For the research on this topic, the first thing to do is to have a comprehensive understanding of the achievements of the predecessors, so as to achieve the effect of knowing yourself and the enemy, making great achievements and making further progress.However, the academic literature related to the year of King Wu’s victory over business is very complicated, and it is scattered on various newspapers and periodicals in various regions at home and abroad. difficulties and obstacles.In view of this situation, scholars such as Peng Lin, a member of the engineering expert group and the Institute of Chinese Studies of Beijing Normal University, resolutely proposed that the Institute of Chinese Studies of Beijing Normal University take the lead in collecting, editing, and translating documents related to this aspect.This plan started in March 1997. After more than three months of hard work, it finally achieved gratifying results. In the past, there have always been different opinions about the year when King Wu conquered Shang, and it is difficult to come to a unified conclusion.Some say there are 23 kinds in total, some say 28 kinds in total, and it is generally believed that there are more than 30 kinds in total.Among these more than 30 kinds, quite a few only see the quotations but not the original texts, which makes all kinds of theories more complicated and confusing.In the document "Research on the Years of King Wu's Conquest of Commerce", which was collected and edited by Professor Peng Lin of the Institute of Chinese Studies of Beijing Normal University, there are 57 representative works at home and abroad. According to Shang Zhinian, there are seven Japanese scholars, seven American scholars, one each from British, Swedish, and Korean scholars, and the others are the conclusions of Chinese scholars.Each conclusion comes from the original work, thus becoming the most complete academic research material on the year when King Wu defeated Shang. Under the auspices of Professor Peng Lin, the scholars edited the collected documents into a book "Research on the Year of King Wu Conquering Business" and published it.It can be seen in the series that among the forty-four versions, the earliest date is 1130 BC and the latest is 1018 BC, with a difference of 112 years.As far as the length of the age and the basis of the theory are concerned, the conclusions of the forty-four Keshang years can be roughly summarized into three age theories: long, middle, and short. One, it has been said for many years.Representatives of the theory of 1122 BC calculated by Liu Xin in the Han Dynasty based on the "San Tong Li", including theories deduced by various ancient calendars, roughly distributed between 1127 BC and 1070 BC .This conclusion has the greatest impact in traditional chronological research. Second, the middle-aged said.Most of the documents, bronze inscriptions, and oracle inscriptions are used to corroborate each other, and the year of Keshang is between 1070 and 1030 BC. Three, the short term.According to the ancient text "Bamboo Book Chronicles", represented by the theory of 1027 BC, it is roughly distributed between 1030 BC and 1018 BC. Obviously, the forty-four theories in the three long, middle, and short age ranges above cannot all be the real year of King Wu's conquering Shang. There is only one conclusion about the real year of conquering Shang in history.So how should we estimate the real year of restraining business?For this reason, the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties engineering expert group formulated two approaches after careful consideration and planning.One is to narrow down the scope of the year when King Wu conquered Shang through carbon-14 dating of key archaeological sites, oracle bone inscriptions on solar and lunar eclipses, and literature records; According to the astronomical calculations, the possible age of Keshang was searched, and finally integrated to select an optimal age. Archaeological discoveries in Fengxi In order to narrow down the scope of King Wu's Keshang Years, engineering researchers acted in groups according to a predetermined plan. Among them, the special group on the divergence and dating of the Feng and Hao sites undertaken by archaeologists carried out their work in Shaanxi. The Fenghao site is the second capital site after Zhou Yuanqi was established as the capital by the Zhou people.According to historical records, the Zhou people began to rise after the ancient Duke Danfu moved to Qi. After three generations, they had already become quite powerful by the time of King Wen, and began to conquer the surrounding Fangguo continuously.After eliminating the important Fang Guochong in the west of the Shang Dynasty, the Zhou people began the pre-war preparations to destroy Shang in the east.Due to strategic and other considerations, in the last years of King Wen, the Zhou people began to move their capital to the east to get as close to the sphere of influence of Shang as possible. Fengjing, located on the west bank of the Feng River, was the place where they moved their capital.At the time of King Wu, a new capital was built on the east bank of the Feng River, which was called Haojing in history.Because Fengyi is very close to Haojing, and after King Wu lived in Hao, Fengyi still retains the ancestral temple of King Zhou, and the kings of the Western Zhou Dynasty often lived in Feng or handled state affairs in Feng, so historians have always called Feng and Hao together, King Wen and King Wu. It was the capital of the entire Western Zhou Dynasty until King Ping moved eastward. There are no detailed records about the annihilation process of the Fenghao capital, but judging from the scattered clues handed down to the world, it is entirely possible that some or most of the palaces in the two cities were destroyed in the battle where King You of Zhou was killed.Although it is said that Fengyi is to the west of Fengshui, people have been unable to distinguish the location of ancient Fengshui since the Northern Song Dynasty.As a result, the location of Fenghao in Zhoudu could not be pinpointed with certainty.Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, many scholars have tried to find out the specific location of Fenghao, and have made a lot of efforts for this, but they have not been able to do so.Like the ancient city of Troy in the west, the Fenghao ruins have completely disappeared from people's sight. Since the rise of field archaeology in China, the Fenghao site has become the focus of academic attention, and scholars have tried to solve it with new archaeological methods.In 1933, an archaeological survey team led by well-known scholars Xu Xusheng, Su Bingqi, Chang Hui and others from the Historical Society of the Peking Research Institute made the first archaeological survey along the Feng River, and put forward the relevant issues in the survey report. Some observations and inferences about the position of the pickaxe.In 1943, Shi Zhangru, a famous archaeologist at the Institute of History and Linguistics of the Academia Sinica, and others conducted a second investigation on the Fenghao site.Judging from their later published report "Field Investigation of the Legendary Zhoudu", compared with the results of the investigation ten years ago, there was no major breakthrough. Since 1951, the Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Sciences has specially set up the Fenghao Archaeological Workstation, which is one of the first few archaeological work stations in China.Since then, the archaeological work at the Fenghao site has been basically uninterrupted except that it was forced to stop during the Cultural Revolution. In the spring of 1951, the archaeological team of the Institute of Archeology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences led by Su Bingqi conducted archaeological investigations in the Fenghe River Basin, and carried out a small-scale trial excavation in the north of Hakkazhuang. Three layers of Western Zhou culture. In the autumn of 1953, the Institute of Archeology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences once again dispatched an archaeological investigation team led by the famous archaeologist Shi Xingbang. In addition, more than ten Neolithic cultural relics and tombs from the Western Zhou Dynasty were discovered in the middle reaches of the Fenghe River.Judging from the report of this investigation, the archaeologists only feel that the unearthed remains of the Western Zhou Dynasty provided some historical materials, and it is really an area worthy of attention to solve the problem of the Western Zhou Dynasty.However, it is still difficult to determine where the center of research on Fengjing is. From 1961 to 1963, the Fenghao archaeological team found out the location of ancient waterways such as Fengshui, He, Jichi and Kunmingchi, and tried to excavate the ruins in Baijiazhuang, Shangquanbei Village, Luoshui Village and other places The area is about 500 square meters. The preliminary understanding of the stratum accumulation, stages and age in the site provides evidence for exploring the location of the center of Haojing. In 1967, the Fengxi excavation team of the Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Sciences cleared 124 Western Zhou tombs in the Zhangjiapo area of ​​Fengxi, and unearthed a large number of pottery, bronze and other artifacts.Famous archaeologists such as Zhang Changshou and Hu Qianying have systematically sorted out and studied these tombs.According to the chronological research on the combination and development sequence of the burial pottery in this batch of tombs, this batch of tombs can be divided into six periods.In the following thirty years, scholars supplemented and revised the above-mentioned periods based on new archaeological discoveries, and obtained a more reliable archaeological chronological sequence, which are as follows: 1. Early residential sites; 2. The first phase of burials; 3. The second phase of burials; 4. The third phase of burials; 5. Late residence sites and the fourth phase of tombs; 6. The fifth phase of burials; So far, the staging sequence of Zhou people's burials in Fengxi area has been basically established and accepted by the academic circle.According to the characteristics of the unearthed pottery, bronzes and other artifacts, it is inferred that the first phase of tombs should be in the Chengkang period.As for the relics represented by the early residence site of Zhangjiapo, their origin may have been around the time when King Wen made his residence in Fengfeng.In other words, the above six periods of archaeological culture have gone through the four periods of King Wen, King Wu, King Cheng, and King Kang. Although the archaeological chronological framework provided by the above studies is basically credible, there is also an obvious shortcoming, that is, there are few direct stratigraphic relationships, unearthed materials are scattered, and in addition, archaeological work in the past few decades has mainly focused on tombs There are very few excavations of related sites, and there are almost no series of dating samples with clear stratigraphic background.Therefore, the cultural stages of the relevant sites are not clear enough, and the overall cultural appearance of the site is also unclear. The understanding of the pre-Zhou culture only provides clues, and there is no substantive content for further research.In view of this, after the start of the Xia, Shang and Zhou dating projects, according to the opinions of the engineering expert group, the phased dating group of the Fenghao site plans to carry out selective and purposeful archaeological excavations on the Fengxi site in order to find the expected stratigraphic relationship and stratum. A series of dating samples with clear locations, clear backgrounds, and a variety of dates can be used for carbon fourteen dating to determine specific age values. According to the literature records and the research consensus of the academic circles, taking the historical event of King Wu's defeat of Zhou as the boundary mark, the Zhou people lived in Fenghao for about ten years before destroying the Shang, and then entered the Western Zhou Dynasty.This major historical event had a great impact on Zhou people's culture.From the perspective of archaeological cultural appearance, it also clearly reflects the differences between early and late cultures.Therefore, the staged dating of the Fenghao site and the provision of a series of dating samples based on this background have an irreplaceable role and value for the study of the chronology of King Wu's defeat of Zhou and the kings of the entire Western Zhou Dynasty. According to the division of labor of the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties project, the topic of staging and dating of the Fenghao site was undertaken by the Fenghao Archaeological Team of the Institute of Archeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. The moderator was Xu Lianggao, the leader of the Fenghao Archaeological Team and a young archaeologist. Xu Lianggao was born in Huoshan County, Anhui Province in 1966. He graduated from the Department of Archeology of Peking University in 1986 and entered the Institute of Archeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in the same year. He is mainly engaged in archaeological excavation and research. Research on archeology and history of the Zhou Dynasty, published and published "Qualitative Analysis of Cultural Factors and Research on the Cultural Circle of Bronze Ritual Vessels in Shang and Zhou Dynasties", "Research on Urban Settlement in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties", "A New Exploration of the Origin of Chinese National Culture", etc.Since 1996, he has been the captain of the Fenghao Archaeological Team of the Institute of Archeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. After Xu Lianggao received the task, he and archaeologist Yang Guozhong first inspected the excavated materials in the past, and then conducted archaeological investigations in order to select an appropriate site for field excavation.Due to the small distribution of Fenghao's early remains, and the site had become the Royal Shanglin Garden in the Han Dynasty, the few early Zhou Dynasty remains were seriously disturbed and destroyed with the construction of Shanglin Garden.Judging from previous excavations, there are many relics of the Han Dynasty mixed with the utensils of the Zhou Dynasty in the site, which has caused great difficulties in finding the remains of the early Zhou Dynasty. In this archaeological survey, one of the most worrying issues for Xu Lianggao archaeologists is whether they can find enough undisturbed early Zhou deposits.To be precise, during the short period of more than ten years during the reign of King Wen and King Wu, typical cultural symbols and carbon-containing samples that can provide a clear background and appearance.According to the opinion of the engineering expert group, if no satisfactory cultural relics can be found at the Fenghao site, the Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archeology will be arranged to excavate the pre-Zhou cultural sites such as Wangjiazui and Zhengjiapo in Qishan and Wugong counties, so as to play a remedial reference and assist effect.Fortunately, after a period of investigation, Xu Lianggao's senior archaeologists finally found clues in the west of Mawang Village and the north of Dayuan Village in the Fenghao site. Mawang Village is located in the eastern part of Fenghe Woolen Mill in Chang'an County. Archaeologists have conducted archaeological surveys and excavations here before. In 1959, two incomplete rammed earth foundations of the Western Zhou Dynasty were discovered in the north of the village.In the winter of 1961, archaeologists discovered and cleared a bronze ware cellar in the west of the village, and unearthed a total of 53 bronze ware.In 1976, three remnants of rammed earth from the Western Zhou Dynasty were discovered again in the north of Mawang Village, and pottery pipes and waterways were found in one of the foundation sites.It was on this basis that senior archaeologists Xu Liang discovered the long-sought goal and decided to drill and excavate further here. Of course, there is another reason why Xu Lianggao made up his mind to choose the excavation point here.That is, Mawang Village is planning to build a paper mill, but the paper mill was abandoned halfway, and the original site was changed into a breeding farm.Many places that were originally planned for large-scale construction were put on hold and became open spaces overgrown with weeds.Now that clues have been found here, there is another open space for excavation, which not only saves a lot of trouble in negotiating with local officials, but also reduces additional expenditures.Therefore, choosing here becomes a very natural thing.Perhaps it is because the sky has love and the earth has nature, and the heaven and earth are helping each other in the dark.When Xu Lianggao made his final decision, a crucial achievement in the archaeological history of the Western Zhou Dynasty will also appear. In the winter of 1996, senior archaeologists Xu Liang began large-scale drilling and trial excavation in the open space outside Mawang Village.After several months of hard work, a batch of early Western Zhou tombs and stratigraphic deposits were discovered.Now that there are tombs and early Western Zhou cultural phenomena, this indicates that the goal to be found has appeared, and if we continue to work, we will definitely achieve the expected results.但此時已大雪紛飛、春節臨近，根據以往的慣例氣候條件，徐良高決定暫時停工，待春節過後再行發掘。臨走前，徐良高擔心遺址、墓葬遭到破壞和盜掘，特別找到馬王村養殖場的一位負責人，請他們幫忙，對已發現的墓葬區加以防範，免得被盜墓賊乘虛而入以劫掠器物。令徐良高始料不及的是，他的擔心不久就變成了現實。 在陝西這個地下文物密布的地區，按照以往的規律，凡考古隊鑽探之處，盜墓賊總是格外注意，並暗中觀察，一旦得到機會便大肆盜掘。就在徐良高等考古人員在馬王村外的空地上鑽探時，就發現有幾個當地打扮的人經常神祕兮兮地以不同方式前來觀察，由於考古人員經常出沒於工地，使他們一直沒有得到盜掘的機會。自考古人員暫時停工並離開工地後，盜墓賊憑著敏銳的嗅覺，知道機會來臨了。這一年春節過後的第三天夜裡，天空下起了大雪，盜墓賊瞅準這一時機，藉著月黑風高，在茫茫的雪夜裡攜帶工具悄悄潛入發掘工地，根據事先觀察到的線索，開始了盜掘墓葬的行動。 將近黎明時分，馬王村養殖場一個守夜的老漢到戶外小解，突然聽到考古發掘工地傳來異常的聲響，立即意識到一定是盜墓賊。因為有了徐良高的囑咐，老漢意識到自己的責任，他回到屋裡，迅速叫起了一同在此守夜的另一位同伴，兩人稍作商量，便一人打著手電筒，一人挑著燈籠，高聲呼喊著有人盜墓了走了出來。經他們一陣狂呼亂喊，盜墓賊不敢在此久留，收拾工具悄悄離開了發掘工地，消失在風雪交加的夜幕之中。 春節過後，徐良高等考古人員重返馬王村發掘工地時，發現有兩座墓葬被盜。其中一座墓在此之前就被盜過，這次盜墓賊又將盜洞打到了墓底。看來盜墓賊並不是老手，他們所打的盜洞方位有誤，本來應打到墓葬的頭部，結果卻打到了腳部。按照周代墓葬的規律，隨葬器大都放置於死者的頭部，因而當盜墓賊進入墓坑後，不會得到太多的器物。從劫後的遺存情況看，墓坑中殘留了兩件破陶器，大概盜墓者感到價值不大，索性沒有理會。或許正因為在這個墓葬盜掘中的失誤，盜墓賊不甘心地又轉而盜掘另外一座墓葬。同樣令他們扼腕的是，這個墓剛掘進一半，就被養殖場的老漢發現而不得不半途而廢，棄墓中寶物而一逃了之。既然墓葬已被盜，徐良高、楊國忠等考古人員分成兩組，對兩個墓葬分別進行了發掘和清理。結果發現此前被盜的那座墓，的確沒有什麼有價值的器物出土。而盜墓賊剛剛盜掘了一半就放棄的那座墓葬卻正好相反，不但出土了大量的陶器，還出土了銅鼎、銅爵、銅觶等三件器物。後來得知，這是在馬王村工地所有發掘的廿座墓葬中唯一出土的青銅器具，且青銅器的鑄造年代正好在武王伐紂之後，對西周文化分期和斷代具有重要參考價值。 當兩座被盜的墓葬清理完畢後，徐良高和楊國忠又分別帶領考古人員在馬王村工地展開了大規模的發掘。在所劃分的兩個組中，一組負責發掘灰坑，另一組負責發掘墓葬。 所謂灰坑，就是人類生活的垃圾坑，考古學上稱為文化堆積，經由對坑中土層及殘存物質的觀察，可破譯古代的人類文化資訊，並為古代文明和歷史的斷代研究提供重要的參考資料。 根據鑽探的情況，徐良高等人先挖了兩個小型灰坑，結果並不理想，於是又在馬王村考古工地的中間部位劃出了一個長十公尺、寬二公尺的探方，並編為T1號，然後帶考古人員開始下挖，當挖至卅公分深時，發現了擾土層，擾土層下面開始陸續出土陶片和獸骨等西周中晚期的器物。當下挖至一公尺深時，發現了黃土層。就在這個地層中夾雜著一件異樣的陶片，徐良高撿起一看，和已出土的陶片明顯不同，其內容屬於西周早期。在發掘之初，徐良高一直擔心這個探方下面，是否能找到自己想找的東西，隨著這件陶片的出土，他眼睛猛地一亮，情不自禁地對同伴們喊道：這次行了，有希望了，西周早期的陶片找到了。 為了檢驗這一希望的前景，他命令停止發掘，用考古探鏟實施鑽探。當鑽到二公尺多深時，從帶出的土樣觀察，發現有豐富的文化內涵。接著往下鑽，當鑽至地表以下八公尺多深時，仍不見文化堆積窮盡。徐良高見狀大喜，因為如此之深的文化堆積，不但標誌著具有希望，而且有極大的希望。鑑於這種情況，徐良高決定將原有探方的寬度再擴大二公尺，形成了一個長十公尺、寬四公尺的大探方。按照原來的預算，這個探方用一個多月的時間就可完成，但發掘之後才知道難度要比預想的大得多，兩個多月仍不見底。而越往下挖，堆積越厚，文化內涵越加豐富，其中炭樣、小米、陶片、獸骨等紛紛出土。在整個探方內包含著五個小的灰坑，最為理想和最具價值的就是後來考古學界廣為週知的H18號灰坑。 H18號灰坑位於探方的正中部，南北寬四•五至三•五公尺，東西長約六•三公尺，兩邊均超出了已挖探方的範圍，只是用探鏟鑽探得知其大約的長度。其形狀為口大底小，自深達五•二公尺，坑內堆積呈南北向中間傾斜狀。在考古人員後來為工程提供的研究報告所作的劃分中，可以確定疊壓在H18灰坑之上的，是T1第四層，時代相當於西周初期。而疊壓或打破第四層和H18的有H16、H11和H8、H3、T1第三層等，其中H16、H11屬西周早期，H8、H3、T1第三層屬於西周中期。著名的H18灰坑又可分為四個小層： 一、灰土層：夾雜紅燒土、木炭，有草拌泥塊和夯土牆皮，出土有罐、鬲、簋等陶器以及獸骨等。陶鬲包括袋足鬲和聯襠鬲兩種。 二、淺灰土層：質軟，包含陶片豐富，獸骨炭屑數量很多，另出有碳化粟米粒，並出土大量螺殼。 三、淺灰土層：含獸骨、陶片較多、另有部分炭屑。 四、黃土層：值較純、陶片很少，有鬲罐等。 經過三個多月的努力，T1探方總算在整體上發掘完畢。當徐良高等考古人員在室內整理出土器物時，發現H18灰坑內四小層中出土的陶片，彼此間往往可以拼對在一起。從各層的包含物來看，難以辨別早晚的分期特徵。由此推測整個H18灰坑的堆積是在一個短的期內形成的，其時代應為先周時期這是豐鎬考古史上首次現的先周文化面貌。而以H18號灰坑為代表的器物群，可以作先周文化晚期的標準器物群，並以此為定點加以研究。據文獻記載，文王遷都於豐至武王伐討之年僅隔十三年，以H18號灰坑代表的堆積應在這一時期形成的。而T1探方的第四層，應是武王滅商後西周初期的典型文化單位，這個發現無疑為考古學上劃分商周界限，提供了理想的地層依據。可以說，武王克商之年就包含在T1第四層和H18灰坑之間這一年代範圍之內。 灃西發現典型先周文化遺存的消息很快在學術界傳開，並引起廣泛注意。一九九七年十月，夏商周斷代工程項目辦公室組織相關專家，在西安召開了先周文化學術研討會。會議期間，學者們專程到灃西發掘工地，考察上述探方的典型地層關係的剖面，仔細檢驗H18等各單位的出土陶器和其他遺物，確認這是西周考古史上的一次重要發現，也是夏商周斷代工程開始以後所獲得的重大成果之一。 碳十四定年專家分別用常規法和加速器質譜儀法對以上這組地層中所採集的系列含碳樣品作了測定，發現H18第二、三層出土的碳化小米，應是當年的生長植物，所定年代反映了該層的真實年齡。利用一九九八年樹輪校正曲線對這組資料進行高精度扭擺匹配，得出武王克商年的年代範圍為西元前一○五○至前一○一○年之間，其時間跨度為四十年。用加速器質譜儀測年法，得出武王克商年的範圍為西元前一○六○至前九九五年，其時間跨度為六十五年。（如下） 灃西H18及相關遺跡常規碳十四定年數據： 先周；採碳化小米、木炭、骨頭等樣品三件；擬合得其年代區間介於西元前一一三○年至前一○一六年。 西周初；採木炭樣品二件；擬合得其年代區間介於西元前一○四○年至前九八○年。 西周中；採骨頭、木炭等樣品二件；擬合得其年代區間介於西元前九八五年至前九三○年。 灃西H18及相關遺跡常規加速器質譜儀定年數據： 先周；採骨頭、碳化小米、木炭等樣品六件；擬合得其年代區間介於西元前一一一○年至前一○一○年。 西周初；採木炭樣品二件；擬合得其年代區間介於西元前一○四○年至前九八○年。 西周早；採木炭樣品二件；擬合得其年代區間介於西元前一○○○年至前九三五年。 西周中；採骨頭、木炭等樣品四件；擬合得其年代區間介於西元前九五五年至前八四五年。 西周晚；採人骨樣品一件；擬合得其年代區間介於西元前八三二年至前七八四年。 灃西H18灰坑的發現與樣品定年，為商周分界確定了年代範圍，對推斷武王伐紂的年代，排除多種不確切說法，提供了重要依據。與此同時，為配合夏商周斷代工程，以徐良高為代表的豐鎬遺址的分期與研究專題組在灃西的大規模發掘，對確定豐鎬遺址的性質、探索其聚落布局以及研究豐鎬遺址，乃至更大區域的周文化考古學分期及年代，具有重大而深遠的意義。 除豐鎬遺址外，與推定武王克商年代範圍有輔助性關係和考古遺址，還有商代後期的殷墟、周初的北京琉璃河和山西天馬︱曲村遺址。 琉璃河燕國墓地的發現 自武王伐紂後，為了鞏固剛剛建立起來的周王朝的統治，除了安撫殷商遺民之外，周政權還採取了選建明德，以藩屏周的政策，即分封周武王的同宗、親戚和功臣，讓他們建立諸侯國，形成拱衛周王室的屏障。最早的分封中就包括周公家族的魯，召公家族的燕和姜太公家族的齊。 作為周武王最重要輔佐臣僚之一的召公，是武王的堂弟，因早年采食於召地，故史稱召公。在西周初期的政局中與周公並稱，《尚書》中稱召公為保，周公為師，相成王左右，《史記》中也有其在成王時，召公為三公，自陝以西召公主之，自陝以東周公主之的記載。可見召公在西周初年是位高權重的人物。然而，召公受封的領地具體在什麼地方呢？有關召公封邑所在地的考證，一直是史學界的爭議所在。國學大師王國維認為在河北淶水一帶，著名史家傅斯年認為在河南偃城一帶。而另一位史家陳夢家在他的《西周銅器斷代》中乾脆作出了西周時代燕國的都邑所在，不易考定的結論。這個疑團的最終解開是在琉璃河遺址發現之後。 關於琉璃河遺址的發現與發掘，世傳有兩個說法，其中之一是孫維昌等在所著《中華文明的歷史足跡》中的描述：琉璃河是北京市西南約五十公里的一個小地方。它最先是由業餘考古學家吳良才發現的。吳良才是中國考古學先驅之一吳金鼎先生的胞弟，曾經在北京和蘭州的中國銀行工作。抗戰勝利後，琉璃河水泥廠因恢復生產而向中國銀行貸款，經辦此事的吳良才先生在琉璃河收集了一大包陶片，返回北京後，送到北平研究院史學研究所的蘇秉琦處。蘇秉琦也覺得這是一處很有價值的遺址，但是限於當時的時局動盪，無力組織發掘。直到一九六二年，已擔任北京大學歷史系考古研究室主任的蘇秉琦提出，去琉璃河遺址復察和試掘的想法，後來在劉李店和董家林等地的試掘證明，這裡有年代相常於西周的文化地層。但是當時對於這片遺址的重要性究竟如何並不是很清楚。而關於召公始封地的猜測，多認為最初的燕國都城應當在今天的北京城西南，因此學者們並沒有把琉璃河與燕國聯在一起考慮。 兩年後，琉璃河黃土坡的農民上繳了兩件從地下挖出來的銅器，其中銅鼎上有叔乍寶尊彝銘文，而銅爵上有父癸文，其實銘文上亦無特殊之處，但是在北京出土帶銘文的銅器絕不多見，其本身就有重要意義，正是這兩片銘文將考古學家再次吸引到琉璃河。從一九七二年開始，一個專門組織的考古隊在琉璃河進行了大規模的考古發掘。一九七四至一九七五年，黃土坡墓地出土的器物中帶有燕侯銘刻的鼎、簋、尊、鬲等就多達十一件。在墓葬中發現的一種圓形銅泡，因為周圍有漆木痕跡，考古學家推斷這是漆盾上的金屬裝飾。其中五十二號墓葬中出土的銅泡上有匽侯字樣，可以推測，這批青銅兵器是專門為燕侯製作的。 以上此種說法，在考古界和社會上流傳甚廣，幾乎形成了琉璃河遺址發現的主流之說。但也有不同的聲音從考古界傳出，北京大學考古系教授鄒衡就明確表示對此說不敢苟同，他在一九九五年北京建城三千零四十年暨燕文明國際學術研討會上曾作了這樣的陳述： 根據文獻和（戰國時期）金文的記載，周朝初年北方地名中就有燕、北燕、燕亳。周武王滅商，開始封召公于北燕。可是周初的北燕在今天哪個地方，還是一個長期以來沒有解決、一直在探索的問題，大體上有薊縣、淶水和北京種種說法。清朝末年，在河北淶水張家窪出土了一批邶國的銅器，王國維曾經以為邶即是燕。據說在北京盧溝橋一帶曾經出土了一批燕侯的銅器，其年代可以到西周初期。根據這些線索，從一九五六年以來我就開始注意這個問題：燕的始封地究竟在什麼地方。一九五八年我曾經到北京廣安門和陶然亭一帶進行過調查，結果認為廣安門和陶然亭一帶根本沒有可能是西周早期的都城，見到的只是戰國時期的陶片。西周燕都始封地一點線索都沒有。一九六二年春天，北京市文物隊的蘇天鈞來北大找我，說在琉璃河發現了一處遺址，讓我去看看。不久我帶領三名畢業班的學生韓嘉谷、王凱、李東婉，曾經兩次到琉璃河劉李店和董家林進行調查，撿到一些陶片，並開始作小規模發掘。這是琉璃河遺址首次發掘，通過開的幾條探溝，發現一些灰坑和大量西周時期的陶片。我們經過詳細地整理和研究，最後把結果給了北京市文物工作隊。北京市文物工作隊寫了文章發表於《考古》一九六三年三期上，這是關於燕國始封地調查最早發表的一篇文章。除此之外，我同韓嘉谷同學曾經初步地調查了董家林的城址。當時這個城址還保存著城牆，高達一公尺多，從城牆夯土裡面找到了不少的遼代的陶，所以當時斷定城牆是遼代的。以後我又帶了一名助教張鄭國，展開了更大規模的調查，從永定河以南開始一直到拒馬河，調查了很多遺址，其中重點的有五處。 根據調查情況來看，丁家窪遺址和拒馬河南岸小型遺址，都是西周遺址，但是規模都很小，不太可能是西周的燕都。 規模最大的是劉李店和董家林遺址，當時初步判斷遺址的規模有一千乘五百公尺，更重要的是我們在《太平寰宇記》中查到：幽州良鄉縣在燕為中都，漢為良鄉縣，屬涿郡。這條記載雖然不見於更早的文獻，《太平寰宇記》是宋朝的，屬很晚的文獻，但估計宋朝時可能有其他資料來源。這是一個推測。良鄉城距劉李店只有二•五公里，這條記載非常值得注意。因此一九七二年北京大學考古專業同意我的建議，又組成發掘隊，在劉李店和董家林進行了第二次發掘。這發掘時間雖只有一個多月，但規模卻很大，師生共有四十餘人，由我負責業務工作。這樣大的考古隊在全國恐怕也是很少見的。這發掘的主要收穫有： 一、證明第一試掘的結果是完全可靠的，此處的確是西周時期遺址，年代從西周早期一直到東周初期。 二、遺址範圍包括立教、黃土坡、莊頭，經過詳細勘探，遺址的面積超過第一次勘探的一千乘五百公尺，擴大到三千乘一千公尺，這是一處規模很大的周代遺址。 三、一九六二年見到的董家林遼代城牆遺址已經完全被破壞，地面上已見不到，原來地面上高一公尺多的城牆只剩下牆根，當時推斷其時代可能很早，甚至早到西周初年。 四、黃土坡某個社員講，曾經在他家菜地裡挖出過一件銅爵，他把銅爵賣到琉璃廠，當時琉璃廠的人警惕性很高，認為是從墓中盜出的文物，就偷偷地報告了當地派出所，結果此人被公安局扣留了。不過這件銅爵根本不像有人說的那樣有銘文。銅器銘文的出現是以後的事了。根據這一情況，我就派四五個學生在這位農民的菜窯附近開了條廿乘○•五公尺的深溝，尋找銅器墓。幾年以後才知道，這條探溝的南頭，距後來發現的大燕國墓地只有幾公尺了。我當時估計所謂清末出土的燕侯銅器很可能就在這個地方，並不是出自盧溝橋。 五、根據《太平寰宇記》的記載，當時我曾對學生說，這裡的遺址很可能就是燕國的中都。 作為燕都的條件有大規模西周遣址的存在、銅器墓的發現和文獻的記載。後來隨著天氣漸冷，我們便停止發掘回來了。大概七、八個月以後，北京市文物工作隊與中國社會科學院考古研究所合作，繼續在琉璃河發掘，果然發現了有燕侯銘文的銅器，還有太保贈予的情況，完全證明這個遺址的確為燕的中都。 在一九七二年的平整土地中，遺址面臨被鏟平的危險，為此我向北京大學負責人八三四一部隊的副政委彙報了情況（註一），他很快向國務院做了彙報。第二天國務院農林口負責人帶領幾位部長來琉璃河，當時陪同他們來琉璃河的還有國家文物局局長王冶秋和中國科學院考古研究所夏鼐所長，問到我的意見，我表示對這樣重要的遺址應當保存。這位負責人經過考慮後講：中國這麼大，保留這麼三百多萬平方公尺的地方不算什麼。他命令推土機開出琉璃河，遺址這麼保留下來。文化大革命中為此事我受了很大的衝擊，北大有人貼出大字報，說我欺騙中央首長，連西周陶片都不認識，把漢代遺址說成是西周遺址。一九七三年春、夏，中國社會科學院考古研究所的同志們來琉璃河發掘，工作了幾個月，沒有重要的發現，都紛紛埋怨我，說我誇張了此遺址的重要性，說我把他們坑陷在琉璃河，其實什麼重要的東西也沒有。該年秋、冬，我們繼續發掘，於發現了重要的墓葬，發現了有燕侯銘文的銅器等，此後再也不埋怨我了。於是我與琉璃河就此失去了關係。 （註一）當時北京大學已被軍隊宣布接管。 除以上兩說之外，據中國社科院考古所研究員杜金鵬稱，一九六二年，北京市文物工作隊的郭仁、俞震和張嶺等人，在房山縣進行考古調查時，在琉璃河鎮的劉李店村、董家林村、立教村發現古代遺址。同年十月，北京市文物工作隊和北京大學在這一地區進行聯合發掘，獲得了一些西周時代文物，從而證明劉李店、董家林古代遺址均屬西周遺址。 按北京大學考古系教授鄒衡後來的解釋，琉璃河遺址應是北京市文物隊發現的，但當時沒有認識到它們的重要性。後來鄒衡根據調查的情況複查、核實了許多遺址，最後斷定琉璃河最重要；於是帶了三個學生於一九六二年開始發掘，這是該遺址首次發掘，北京市文物隊沒有參加。一九七二年，鄒衡帶領北大四十多個學生又在琉璃河黃土坡村進行發掘。 關於琉璃河遺址最早發現、發掘的情形，以上各說儘管有些不同，但整體脈絡還是不難看得出來的。 接著要敘述的是，一九七三年和一九七四年，北京市文物隊與中國社科院合作，在琉璃河遺址發掘了部分墓葬後，於一九七五年由北京市文物隊單獨發掘，至一九七七年告一段落。在此期間，共發掘了西周時期墓葬六十一座、車馬坑五府，基本確定了琉璃河遺址為西周早期的燕國始封地，但對於城址的年代，則被定為商末周初。墓葬的年代分為西周早、中、晚三期，依葬制分出商遺民和周人墓二種。