Chapter 2 Chapter 1: The Back of a Dynasty

one Those of us always have a complex emotional barrier to the Qing Dynasty.I remember when I was very young, the history teacher had tears in his eyes when he talked about the Ten Days in Yangzhou and the Three Massacres in Jiading. .When the old teacher cried, the children cried too. The history of the Qing Dynasty was the only course in elementary school that was soaked in tears.The resentment planted since childhood is difficult to resolve. The old man's tears mixed with the children's tears gave this historical sentiment a most secular force.My primary school classmates are all Han, no Manchu, so it is easy to acquire a common language in the classroom.It seems that the Han nationality is of course the master of China, why did you Manchu come to snatch it?It's okay to get it right after the robbing, but it just got worse and worse, and in the end it was almost divided up by foreigners.So, in the twinkling of tears, we understood what traitors are, what traitors are, what national righteousness is, and what integrity is.We also seem to know that the reason why China lags behind the world powers lies in the Qing Dynasty, and how necessary it was for the enlighteners of the 1911 Revolution to rekindle the hatred of the Han people against the Qing people and put forward the slogan of expelling the Tartars and restoring China , What a relief.The Qing Dynasty was finally overthrown, but in the hearts of many Chinese people, it still exists like a sin.

As I got older, I became wary of this emotion.Because countless facts prove that in our China, many emotional social judgment norms, although passed down grandly for a long time, contain great injustice.We lack value enlightenment in the general sense of human beings, so most of these emotional social judgment norms are gradually derived from feudal orthodoxy, with a lot of blindness.The first is the orthodoxy of surnames. Liu Han, Li Tang, Zhao Song, and Zhu Ming appear in the successor series of the same surname, even if they are faint kings, cowards, perverts, misers, and insane people, they are all legal and reasonable. , and if someone with a foreign surname covets them, even if there are a thousand or ten thousand truths, they will not stand up. The authenticity, righteousness, evil, loyalty and treachery are all divided by this.Expanded from the surname orthodoxy, it is the national orthodoxy.This concept is much more complicated than the surname orthodoxy. You can see that the pioneers of the 1911 Revolution were incompatible with the feudal surname orthodoxy, but they also needed to loudly promote the national orthodoxy. This is an example.Ethnic orthodoxy involves many famous people and famous events that almost all Chinese people are familiar with, and it is a troublesome issue that will continue to be debated in the future.Please allow me to evade a little here, what I need to affirm is only this: the Manchus are the Manchus of China, and the history of the Qing Dynasty is a part of Chinese history; looking at the entire history of ancient China, the emperors of the Qing Dynasty are generally good Among them, Emperor Kangxi can even be said to be one of the best emperors in Chinese history. He, like Tang Taizong Li Shimin, made me, a modern Han Chinese, proud.

Now that Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty is mentioned, we have to point out that according to the research of modern historians, he is more likely to be a descendant of the Xianbei than the Han. If we say that the two most outstanding emperors in Chinese history who quickly created the rule of Zhenguan and the prosperity of Kangxi and Qianlong in the midst of huge social disasters were not Han, if we are willing to think about the one who is still amazed by historians all over the world If Genghis Khan, the ancestor of the Yuan Dynasty, who established illustrious military exploits, then our view of Chinese history will definitely be much broader than the history class in elementary school.

The Han nationality is of course very great, and of course the Han nationality has no reason to be slaughtered and bullied by foreigners. When their own nation is in danger, they must stand up and fight fearlessly. Of course, shameless people who sell their national interests for personal gain will be punished forever. There is no objection to this.The problem is that we cannot equate the Han people with China, and put all the justice, light, and hope of Chinese history on the side of the Han people.Like other nationalities, the Han nationality also has a lot of filth, stupidity and ugliness, and its rulers often repeatedly push the entire Chinese history into a dead end.Under such circumstances, history may make a choice beyond Han orthodoxy, and this choice is not necessarily retrogressive.

Li Xiangjun, a famous Qinhuai prostitute in "Peach Blossom Fan", has a low status but a noble character, and how much national integrity she maintained when the Qing soldiers marched southward and the Ming Dynasty was in turmoil!However, she never imagined that just when she and her lover Hou Chaozong were going through fire and water to fight against the Qing Dynasty and help the Ming Dynasty, it was the little court of Nanming who was still dying and still licentious, trampling them.At that time, the Hongguang regime, which was regarded as the last representative of both the Ming Dynasty and the Han nationality, did not want her and her sisters' tears of loyalty and devotion to the country at all, but only their most pitiful appearance as a woman.Li Xiangjun really wanted to sacrifice her life for Daming with her lover, but what made her sick was that it was Daming's bureaucrats who forced her to marry, and made her blood splatter on the paper fan and stain peach blossoms.The bottom of the peach blossom fan was sent to the Southern Dynasty. Let this kind of court go. With a long sigh, integrity, integrity, resistance, and running have all become absurd and self-deprecating. Kong Shangren, the author of "Peach Blossom Fan", is a descendant of Confucius, and even he has deep doubts about the blind orthodoxy of the historical transition period.He transformed this suspicion into the silence and desolation in his pen.

For Li Xiangjun and Hou Chaozong, they have seen enough of the end of the Ming Dynasty, but what will happen in the Qing Dynasty, they don't want to watch it.Literary works are always coming to an end, but history is still moving forward. In fact, the Qing Dynasty is still worth seeing. For this reason, I want to write about the summer resort in Chengde.The historical materials of the Qing Dynasty are bundled into bundles, so leave them to the historians. We just need to sneak around this summer villa and take a peek.This kind of peeking is actually peeking at yourself, peeking at the historical sentiments and national sentiments buried in your heart since childhood, how much can be preserved, and how much needs to be corrected.

two The Summer Resort in Chengde is the royal garden of the Qing Dynasty, also known as the Rehe Palace and the Chengde Palace. Although it is famous in history, it has been a forbidden garden for a long time and is located outside the Great Wall. There are not many people who patronize it. It was not disturbed by tourists until the past few years. A little lively.I didn't know what I could get there at first, but this summer, CCTV organized a gathering of outstanding domestic TV screenwriters and directors in Chengde, and asked me to give them some lectures, so they took me.The residence is behind the Mountain Resort. At dusk that day, I walked out of the gate alone, staring at the dark mountains in front of me in a daze.After checking the map, this mountain range is the last barrier to the north of the summer resort, like the back of a bow chair.Rest a weary dynasty in this buckle chair.The strange thing is that the entire territory of China has already belonged to this dynasty, so why put this armchair for rest outside the Great Wall?What were the emperors of the Qing Dynasty thinking when they sat on this chair facing south?The moon has risen, and the mountain wall in front of me looks even more majestic and sad.The Forbidden City in Beijing mixed several different dynasties together, and no one could see the image clearly, but here, far away, quietly, purely, quietly, avoiding the royal atmosphere of the Central Plains, hiding An uncomplicated Qing Dynasty.It really had a huge temptation for me, so after a few lectures in a hurry, I buried my head in the villa.

The villa is very big. I thought the Summer Palace in Beijing was already staggeringly big, but it is twice as big as the Summer Palace. It is said that there is no problem to accommodate eight or nine Beihai parks.I can't think of any classical gardens in China that can hold its own. There is also a group of temples called the Outer Eight Temples outside the villa. Let’s not talk about it for now. Just talk about the inside of the villa, except for the layered palaces in the front half, which are mainly open lake areas, plain areas and mountainous areas.Especially in the mountainous area, it almost accounts for about 80% of the entire villa, which makes people who are used to other gardens very uncomfortable.Gardens are for leisure, not to mention that most of the royal gardens pursue convenience and comfort, and some of them will pile up a few hills for decoration. How can there be a large area of ​​real mountains like here for recreation?This pattern contains an aesthetic concept and a concept of life that we need to look up and think about.

There are many couplets and steles in the villa, most of which are written by the emperors themselves. Of course, they can’t imagine that strangers like us will break into their private gardens to read these words. These words are written for their descendants and heirs. of.The imperial court showed many things to others, and there were a large number of official articles that were engraved and widely distributed. Although the words written here, although they sometimes insist on words, they are generally speaking their own words for children and grandchildren, which are more authentic and credible.I stepped on the moss and vines, identifying and interpreting all the words I could find, even the stone tablets hidden in the forest in the mountains. After reading an article, I relaxed my muscles and bones and looked around.After going all the way, we can finally say with confidence that the construction of the villa is entirely due to the spiritual strength of a generation of politicians.

First of all, Kangxi. He wrote the four characters of Summer Resort hanging on the Meridian Gate of the main palace of the villa. These four Chinese characters are very well written, revealing the calmness and serenity of a winner. The same is true of walking when entering the villa.He must have, for he had come into the Heights after a long and difficult but successful journey, to come here to catch his breath, as he should. All the hardships in his life were self-inflicted.His parents had already established a very complete China for him. He ascended the throne at the age of eight, took charge at the age of fourteen, and was only a child at a young age. He should just sit back and enjoy his achievements. What can he do in front of such a vast territory and such a prosperous fortune? Woolen cloth?His childish eyes stared suspiciously at two behemoths, one was Obai, the most powerful auxiliary minister in the imperial court, and the other was Wu Sangui, who believed that he was a traitor and led the Qing soldiers into the customs, and that he was more important than the south. .In all fairness, for such an important political force that is closely related to his ancestors and fathers, even a generation of heroes with high morals and prestige can't help but make up his mind to do it, but Kangxi challenged them and himself. In addition to the Obai Group, he started to fight against Wu Sangui at the age of twenty, and won a complete victory after eight years of fighting.He is equivalent to reorganizing the country he has acquired, turning himself from an heir to an entrepreneur.He has matured, and there are almost no opponents in front of him, but he still often rides a horse, wandering among the mountains, forests, grasses and marshes in northern China. This is where his ancestors rose, and he is looking for a point of support for his life and career.

Every time he has to pass the Great Wall, the Great Wall has been in disrepair for many years and has been dilapidated.He thought a lot about this city wall that had been so concerned by the emperors of all dynasties.His ancestors broke through the Great Wall to get in, and without Wu Sangui, he would definitely be able to get in, so what's the use of the Great Wall?Could it be that these bricks are the only way to defend a majestic imperial court?But if there is no Great Wall, where is our defense line?The result of his thinking can be roughly seen from his encyclical in 1691.In May of that year, Cai Yuan, the commander-in-chief of Gubeikou, proposed to the imperial court that the Great Wall in the area under his jurisdiction had collapsed a lot, so he asked for it to be built. Kangxi completely disagreed, and his edict was: Since the Qin Dynasty built the Great Wall, the Han, Tang, and Song Dynasties have also often repaired it. How can there be no dangers at that time?At the end of the Ming Dynasty, my Taizu commanded a large army to drive straight in, and all roads collapsed, and there was nothing that could be done.It can be seen that the way to defend the country is to win the hearts of the people.If the hearts of the people are happy, the country will gain, and the border will be self-reliant. This is the so-called unity of purpose.For example, the area around Gubei and Xifengkou has been inspected by me, and most of it has been damaged. Now I want to repair it and start labor. How can it not harm the people?Moreover, the Great Wall stretches for thousands of miles, how many soldiers can be used to defend it? It really makes sense.I have never been flattered about the Great Wall complex buried in the hearts of our nation. After reading this passage from Kangxi, I found a close friend from a long time ago.Because of what Kangxi said, the Qing Dynasty became a dynasty that basically did not build the Great Wall in ancient China, and I also feel very happy about this.Of course, repairing the Great Wall today in the sense of protecting cultural relics is a completely different matter, as long as the Great Wall is not forever regarded as the highest symbol of Chinese civilization. Kangxi hoped to build an invisible Great Wall.Xiu De'an Min said so grandiosely and in vain, but in fact he has a hard hand and a soft hand.The hard way is to set up the Mulan paddock outside the Great Wall. Every autumn, the emperor personally leads princes, ministers, and more than 10,000 officers and soldiers at all levels to carry out large-scale hunting. In fact, it is a huge military exercise. The ministers maintain a brave and tough life style, and they can also act as a deterrent to the northern border by the way.Since the Mulan Paddock is located in a remote area outside the Great Wall, it is quite a distance from Beijing. So many dignitaries of the imperial court go to the autumn hunting, of course they have to build some large and small palaces, and the Rehe Palace is the largest of them. ; The soft hand is to establish a frequent friendly relationship with the various ethnic minorities in the northern frontier. Their leaders do not have to travel long distances to Beijing to have opportunities and places to socialize with the Qing court, and they also prepare their own religions. place, which requires the Jehol Palace and its surrounding temples.In short, both the soft and the hard have finally gathered in this palace and this mountain villa. It is said to be a summer escape, and it is said to be a rest, but the meaning is far more than that.Transforming complex political purposes and military significance into a quiet and leisurely garden, a circle of incense-filled temples, this cannot but be said to be Kangxi's great skill.However, there are gardens and temples in front of us, rest and prayer, military affairs and politics, all dissolved in such a verdant and benevolent way that if it weren’t for the reminders from those steles, we wouldn’t even be able to find traces of doubts. arrive. The Summer Resort is the Great Wall of Kangxi. Compared with the Great Wall of Qin Shihuang, which winds thousands of miles, which one is better? Kangxi went to Mulan Paddock to participate in a 20-day autumn hunt almost every year after the beginning of autumn, and he participated in it 48 times in his life.Every hunting, the scene is extremely spectacular.First, Kangxi selected hunting areas that rotate year by year (the rotation is for ecological protection), and then built more than 170 big tents as the inner city, more than 250 big tents as the outer city, and set up guards outside the city .At dawn the next day, the officers and soldiers of the Eight Banners assembled and surrounded under the unified supervision of the emperor. Under the shouts of tens of thousands of officers and soldiers, Kangxi took the lead first, leading the bow and hunting. Also follow Kangxi to shoot and hunt.Kangxi is strong and strong, with excellent riding skills. He is both wise and brave when hunting.At night, there were bonfires everywhere in the camp, the smell of meat was wafting, people were laughing and horses neighing, and Kangxi had to go back to the tent to review the memorial documents galloping in every day.Kangxi took the lead in fighting many famous battles in his life, but in his later years, he was most proud of his own hunting achievements, because this was purely a test of his personal vitality.In 1719, when Kangxi returned to the Summer Resort after hunting in Mulan Paddock, he told the imperial guards with great interest: Since I was young, I have captured 153 tigers, 12 bears, 25 leopards, 20 lynxes, 14 elks, 96 wolves, and 133 wild boars. At the mouth of the gate, hundreds of deer were captured by sentry, and the other animals in the paddock were shot casually, which is too numerous to remember.I shot 318 rabbits in one day, even if an ordinary person dies, he would not be able to match the number in one day. He spoke very proudly of this journal, and we enjoyed reading it too.Physical strength and mental strength are often linked together. It should be noted that in Chinese history, there are many weak and sick emperors. No matter how handsome they are, how can they face such a huge country. Due to his strong health, he has enough energy to deal with complex Tibetan affairs and Mongolian affairs, and solve major problems such as harnessing the Yellow River and Huaihe River and dredging water transportation, and most of them are very effective, which will benefit future generations.Because of his strength, he was willing to study diligently. As a result, not only was he first-rate in martial arts, but he was also outstanding in his internal skills. He became one of the emperors of all dynasties in China who was particularly knowledgeable and paid special attention to learning. This has always shocked me. I can be sure that it also shocked a large group of Han intellectuals who watched coldly. Who would have imagined that this emperor of the Qing Dynasty loved and mastered the traditional culture of the Han nationality more than the emperors of the Ming Dynasty!He has worked hard on classics, histories, sons, collections, poems, books, and rhythms, and he has studied Zhu Xi's philosophy the most.He personally approved the "Compendium of Zizhi Tongjian Compendium", conducted academic discussions with a group of well-known Neo-Confucianists, and ordered them to compile "Zhu Zi Encyclopedia" and "Rational Essence" and other works.He ordered the collection of rare books scattered among the people to sort out, and organized large-scale manpower to edit and publish the voluminous "Ancient and Modern Book Collection", "Kangxi Dictionary", "Peiwen Yunfu", "Daqing Huidian", The cultural spirit is overwhelming, and until today, we cannot study ancient Chinese culture without these extremely important reference books.He sent people to compile the national map "Huangyu Quanpan Map" through the actual survey of the country's land.Under the cultural atmosphere he advocated, a large number of humanists and scientists who can be regarded as the first-class masters in the entire history of Chinese culture have emerged. In this regard, few dynasties can compare with the Kangxi Dynasty. The above is only what we call Chinese studies, and what may surprise modern readers is his Western studies.Because even in modern times, in our impression, although Chinese learning and Western learning can communicate, there are not many people who dive into both sides in the same person, especially for some officials.However, as early as 300 years ago, Emperor Kangxi actually studied Euclidean geometry seriously in the Forbidden City in Beijing and Chengde Mountain Resort. Compare it to Euclidean geometry.His teachers were a group of Western missionaries who came to China at that time, but later his calculations were faster than those of the missionaries. He personally checked and proofread Western mathematics works translated into Chinese and Manchu, and taught ministers Western mathematics whenever he had the opportunity. math.Based on mathematics, Kangxi went on to learn Western astronomy, calendar, physics, medicine, and chemistry, and compared it with the original Chinese knowledge in this area to learn from each other.On the issue of natural science, Chinese bureaucrats and foreign missionaries often had conflicts. Kangxi did not protect the Chinese bureaucrats, nor did he make subjective assumptions.He appointed a foreigner as the deputy of the Qintian Supervisor, and ordered the Ministry of Rites to select a group of students to study natural science at the Qintian Supervisor, and they were selected as doctoral officers after they finished their studies.Western natural science works such as "Experiencing Qi Tushuo", "Yixiang Zhi", "North and South Star Map of the Equator", "Poor Confucianism", "Kunyu Tushuo" and so on have been translated one by one, and some have been translated into Chinese. Natural science works such as the first six volumes of "Principles of Geometry" were translated into Manchu. All of these are not mutually exclusive with his obsessed Chinese studies, with him shooting 318 hares a day, and with his series of major political, military and economic acts!I don't think that Kangxi brought fundamental hope to China, and his regime has done a lot of bad things, such as the notorious literary inquisition; what I want to say is that among the Chinese emperors, this minority The born emperor has extraordinary vitality, and his personality is relatively sound.Sometimes, the vitality and personality of an individual will leave a heavy mark on history.Compared with him, many emperors in the Ming Dynasty lived too badly. Lu Xun said that they were rascals, and they were a bit like them.What is especially irritating is that Zhu Yijun, Emperor Wanli (Shenzong) of the Ming Dynasty, reigned for forty-eight years and was in charge for thirty-eight years. He actually spent twenty-five years hiding in the deep palace without seeing outsiders, completely ignoring state affairs, and even the cabinet Shoufu couldn't see him either, so he didn't know what he was doing.I have never seen him play anything, and he does not seem to be suspected of lust. Historians can only infer that he has been smoking opium for more than 20 years lying on the couch!The gold and silver he amassed are like mountains and seas, but when the Qing army rose up and the court was helpless and asked him for money, he refused to take it out. In the end, he took out a small change that was useless, and it turned out that it was black and moldy due to the long-term storage , Corroded silver that cannot see the light of day!This is completely a psychopath who has lost any support of personality, but he has centralized power in one body, how can the Ming Dynasty not collapse?After his death, his son Zhu Changluo (Guangzong), grandson Zhu Youxiao (Xizong) and Zhu Youjian (Sizong) succeeded to the throne successively, but the Ming Dynasty has been defeated in his hands, and his children and grandchildren are very pitiful.Kangxi was the exact opposite of him. He released his life from the deep palace and spent it in the wilderness, hunting grounds, and various fields of knowledge. House. three The comparison between Kangxi and the late Ming emperors, and the comparison between the Summer Resort and the deep palace in Wanli, of course, the Han intellectuals at that time also felt it, and their emotions were more complicated. In the beginning, most of the intellectuals of the Han nationality were fighting against the Qing Dynasty and restoring the Ming Dynasty. Even after the Jiujiu warriors turned around one after another, a group of weak literati would rather die than give up.There are also some famous apostates among the literati, but they often also suffer from profound psychological contradictions and mental pain.I think this is the power of culture.All military contention is superficial, and things don't really get serious until they shake up a cultural ecosystem.The ultimate significance of a nation, a country, and a race is not military, geographical, or political, but cultural.At that time, several major anti-Qing incidents in the Jiangnan area all arose from hair-cutting disputes.The hair style seems to be a small matter, but it has something to do with the cultural ecology. As a result, the question of whether to ruin my clothes has become the highest point of struggle between Yi and Xia.Among them, those who can best connect things with the entire cultural system are cultural people, and those who understand the difference between civilization and barbarism best, and connect the Tartars with barbarism are also cultural people.The common people's hair has finally been cut off, but many literati are still desperately insisting on it.The famous scholar Liu Zongzhou lived in Hangzhou. He went on a hunger strike after the Qing soldiers entered Hangzhou and died 20 days later. His disciple, another famous scholar Huang Zongxi, devoted himself to the ranks of armed resistance against the Qing Dynasty. Another famous scholar, Gu Yanwu, went further than Huang Zongxi. After the failure of the armed resistance to the Qing Dynasty, he went to many places in the country in an attempt to restore the Ming Dynasty. In the end, these masters in Shaanxi were so tough.However, some subtle changes happened to Kangxi.The literati are still like the vultures in Zhu Da's works, looking at the court with cold eyes, but the court is strangely showing an irrepressible enthusiasm for Han culture.At first everyone thought it was a strategy to win people's hearts, but from Kangxi's perspective, it seemed that it was not entirely true.When the war against Wu Sangui was not over, he couldn't wait to order officials at all levels to respect Confucianism and Taoism. The imperial court recommended scholars with excellent knowledge and excellent writing, and he personally took the exam to recruit them, which is called Erudite Ci. division.A total of 143 people were recommended and recruited this time, and 50 people were admitted later.Among them, Fu Shan, Li Yong and others were recommended but would rather die than take the exam.After Fu Shan was recommended, he was forcibly carried into Beijing. When he saw the words Daqingmen, he fell to the ground and burst into tears. Not only did Kangxi not blame him for such a move, but he was exempted from the exam and appointed him as a Zhongshusheren.After he returned to his hometown, others were not allowed to call him Zhongshusheren, but at this time, it is probably impossible to talk about how much hatred he has for Kangxi himself. The same is true for Li Yong. After being recommended, he said he was sick and refused to take the exam. After being carried to the provincial capital, he went on a hunger strike to resist, and others had to give up.This happened in the seventeenth year of Kangxi, and Kangxi himself was twenty-six years old. Unexpectedly, twenty-five years later, Kangxi, who was in his fifties, still remembered this tough scholar during his west tour. He summoned him, but he did not answer the call. But after all, he was very sorry, so he sent his son Li Shenyan as a representative to answer the call, and sent his two books "Four Books Reversing the Record" and "Erqu Collection" to Kangxi.This incident is somewhat symbolic, indicating that the Han intellectuals who had the most conflicts have also begun to reconcile with Kangxi. Compared with Li Yong, Huang Zongxi is a big man, and Kangxi has more etiquette. He asked Huang Zongxi to go out of the mountain many times but failed, so he ordered the local governor to come to Huang Zongxi's home, carefully copied the book written by Huang Zongxi, and sent it to the palace for offering. Read it yourself.As a result, Huang Zongxi couldn't help being moved. Like Li Yong, it was inconvenient to come forward by himself. Huang Zongxi let his son Huang Baijia enter the Royal History Bureau to help complete the task of compiling "History of Ming Dynasty" assigned by Kangxi.You see, even Huang Zongxi and Li Yong, who were not in common with the Qing court, felt that their sons could live a good life under Kangxi for the rest of their lives.This is not a betrayal, nor is it a compromise, but an initial recognition in the sense of cultural ecology.Since Kangxi recognized Han culture so sincerely, why couldn't Han literati agree with him at all?Politics and military affairs are nothing but the appearance of culture. Didn't Huang Zongxi let his son participate in the "Ming History" ordered by Kangxi?The compilation of "History of Ming Dynasty" shocked the intellectual circles of the Han nationality quite a bit.Kangxi appointed great historians Xu Yuanwen, Wan Sitong, Zhang Yushu, Wang Hongxu, etc. to be responsible for this matter, and asked them to compile it truthfully according to the "Ming Shilu". Many times I asked everyone to carefully study the lessons of the ruins of the late Ming Dynasty and take them as a warning.The intellectual circles of the Han nationality want to oppose the Qing Dynasty and restore the Ming Dynasty, but the Qing emperor actually led the Han historians to study the Ming Dynasty calmly. This kind of research is higher than the thinking level of those who oppose the Qing Dynasty and restore the Ming Dynasty. resolved. "History of the Ming Dynasty" later became the better written one of the twenty-four histories, and this is a fact that is still acknowledged today. Of course, there are still a few literati who insist on not agreeing.For example, during the Kangxi era, there was a scholar named Lu Liuliang in Zhejiang who repeatedly emphasized in his books and lectures that the essence of Confucianism was to respect the king and fight against barbarians. After his death, this formulation was seen by a scholar named Zeng Jing in Hunan. He was very excited. He rushed to Zhejiang to find Lu Liuliang's son and students, and planned to fight against the Qing Dynasty.At this time, Kangxi had already passed away, and it was already the Yongzheng period. This group of literati did not have a single soldier under their command, so what could they do?They found out that Yue Zhongqi, the governor of Sichuan and Shaanxi, was Yue Fei's descendant, and they thought he would inherit Yue Fei's will to fight against foreign barbarians, so they sent someone to bring him a letter of instigating rebellion, eagerly asking him to revolt.It’s almost a joke to say this. By then, Yue Fei’s fight against gold had been separated by a whole Yuan Dynasty, a whole Ming Dynasty, and eighty or ninety years had passed since the Qing Dynasty. Thinking of making him stand out with a word of Yue, the stupidity and innocence of Chinese scholars are here.Yue Zhongqi was a senior official in the Qing Dynasty, and never dreamed of rebelling against the Qing Dynasty. After receiving the letter, she pretended to deal with it, but reported it to Emperor Yongzheng as a matter of course. Yongzheng ordered the arrest of this rebel group, and after reading the letters and writings himself, he felt that there were many concepts in which he needed to write articles to debate with the Han intellectuals. He also believed that there was a generation of Kangxi, and the court had enough facts and courage to prove that the Qing Dynasty The ruler is not bad, so why fight against the Qing court?So the emperor personally compiled a "Dayi Jue Milu" and distributed it to various places, and exempted the perpetrators Zeng Jing and others from the death penalty, and let them go to Jiangsu and Zhejiang to preach. Yongzheng's "Dayijue Milu" is quite sincere.His general idea is: Yes, we are barbarians and foreigners, but this is only our native place. We are destined to raise the people of the Central Plains. Why do the caretakers separate the Chinese and the barbarians?The Shun you respect is from the Eastern Yi, and King Wen is from the Western Yi. Does this detract from their holiness?A person like Lu Liuliang who wrote books and wrote books even concealed and slandered the cultural and martial arts and Hehe Shengde of the former Emperor Kangxi.When a foreign race enters the Central Plains, it can instead be brave to do good. If the person who writes the book only thinks that the monarch born in the Central Plains does not need to practice virtue and benevolence to enjoy the status, but the foreign monarch will not be praised even if he strives hard. The heart of kindness will also be slack because of it. Isn't it the people of the Central Plains who suffer? Yongzheng's words, with obvious grievances, and to fight against his father Kangxi, are really touching.But his overall thinking ability is obviously not as good as that of Kangxi, and he keeps saying that he is a foreigner, a barbarian, even though the foreign country he refers to only refers to a few ethnic minorities outside the Central Plains, which is different from what we know today. Speaking of foreign countries is different, but in any case, complicating things with some premise concepts is not good.His son Qianlong saw this problem. After he ascended the throne, he took back all "Dayijue Milu" and listed them as banned books. He killed Zeng Jing and others who were pardoned by Yongzheng, and started a literary inquisition.During the reigns of Kangxi and Yongzheng, there were also ugly literary inquisitions, but it was Qianlong who was particularly severe. He did not allow Han intellectuals to regard the Qing court as a barbarian, and he did not allow words such as Lu and Hu to appear in ordinary writing. likely to be beheaded.He wants to use violence to erase this opposition, and then he will be a good emperor wholeheartedly.Except for the sensitive point of the distinction between Hua and Barbarians, he is more tolerant and generous in other places, and he listens to the sharp opinions and suggestions of loyal ministers and sages. Therefore, in the early days of his administration, he did many good things, and the national fortune can be called prosperous.In this way, even a few Han intellectuals who had different ideas did not dare to have any ideas, and in the end they really didn't have any ideas.In fact, such people are hard to find, Yongzheng and Qianlong both overdid the article.The truly first-class scholars no longer wanted to do things against the Qing Dynasty and restore the Ming Dynasty in the Qianlong era.Qianlong, relying on the intellectual advantages of many talents, relying on Kangxi and Yongzheng to lay a rich foundation for him, and relying on his own strategic talents, he became the most blessed emperor in Chinese history.Chengde Mountain Resort, he came the most and stayed for a long time, so his traces can be seen everywhere.Qianlong also often participated in the Mulan Autumn Festival, and the prey he personally shot was also very impressive, but his main focus was on the frontier campaign. There are many inscriptions recording the results of this campaign in the Summer Resort and the surrounding Outer Eight Temples.This kind of conquest does not conflict with the interests of the Han people, but instead promotes China's national prestige, and even the Han intellectuals are proud of it. It is even possible to regard Qianlong as the sage of China, but after I read the inscriptions, I have a strong feeling. Feeling: Some battles are unavoidable, and fighting is okay, but the necessity of most border wars is deeply doubtful.Does it need to be so big?Do you need to repeat that many times?Is it necessary to treat the neighbors so tyrannically?Need to kill so cruelly? The overjoyed Qianlong engraved his so-called perfect martial arts in the summer resort and tasted it happily, which made the villa reverberate with some hot and ominous atmosphere.After the confrontation between the Manchu and Han cultures was basically over, the place is filled with the complacency of the Chinese Empire.The scenic spots in the south of the Yangtze River and the north and south of the Yangtze River gather here, and the only favored son of heaven settles here, and then orders to compile a comprehensive book "Siku Quanshu" to store here, almost everything is missing.Qianlong kept writing poems, saying that the artistic conception in the Summer Resort has far surpassed the descriptions in Tang and Song poems, while he waited until the time to step down and become a forest man, spending the rest of his life here.On the same stone tablet in Songyun Gorge in the villa, Qianlong actually carved six imperial poems to express this kind of self-satisfaction throughout his life. Yes, Qianlong’s reign was indeed considered useless, but it must be noted that this was already the eighteenth century (Qianlong happened to die in the last year of the eighteenth century), and the nineteenth century has come, how much the world has changed!Qianlong fought so many battles, how much should it cost?To what extent did the big corrupt officials he reused, He Shen, ruin the country's power?In fact, the overall historical tragedy of the Qing Dynasty and even China was brewed in Qianlong, the emperor who seemed to be in his heyday, in the summer resort with pleasant mountains and rivers.But at this time, the Summer Resort is still completely immersed in the dream of the Chinese Empire, and the cultural conscience of the whole country is also intoxicated or dumbfounded on the edge of this dream. On September 14, 1793, a British mission came to the Mountain Resort. Qianlong welcomed it with a feast, and also hosted a large-scale singing, dancing and fireworks show in the Wanshu Garden of the mountain resort. The Mountain Resort was full of excitement.The purpose of the British side was to hope that Qianlong would allow them to send envoys to Beijing and set up foreign firms in Beijing. They hoped that China would open Tianjin, Ningbo, and Zhoushan as trade ports, and allocate some places near Guangzhou for British businessmen to live in. They also hoped that British goods would arrive in Guangzhou.澳門的內河流通時能獲免稅和減稅的優惠。本來，這是可以談判的事，但對居住在避暑山莊、一生喜歡用武力炫耀華夏威儀的乾隆來說卻不存在任何談判的可能。他給英國國王寫了信，信的標題是《賜英吉利國王敕書》，信內對一切要求全部拒絕，說天朝尺土俱歸版籍，疆址森然，即使島嶼沙洲，亦必劃界分疆各有專屬，從無外人等在北京城開設貨行之事，此與天朝體制不合，斷不可行！ ，也許至今有人認為這幾句話充滿了愛國主義的凜然大義，與以後清廷簽訂的賣國條約不可同日而語，對此我實在不敢苟同。 本來康熙早在一六八四年就已開放海禁，在廣東、福建、浙江、江蘇分設四個海關歡迎外商來貿易，過了七十多年乾隆反而關閉其他海關衹許外商在廣州貿易，外商在廣州也有許多可笑的限制，例如不准學說中國話、買中國書，不許坐轎，更不許把婦女帶來，等等。我們閉目就能想像朝廷對外國人的這些限制是出於何種心理規定出來的。康熙向傳教士學西方自然科學，關係不錯，而乾隆卻把天主教給禁了。自高自大，無視外部世界，滿腦天朝意識，這與以後的受辱挨打有著必然的邏輯聯繫。乾隆在避暑山莊訓斥外國帝王的朗聲言詞，就連歷史老人也會聽得不太順耳。這座園林，已摻雜進某種凶兆。 Four 我在山莊松雲峽細讀乾隆寫了六首詩的那座石碑時，在碑的西側又讀到他兒子嘉慶的一首。嘉慶即位後經過這裡，讀了父親那些得意洋洋的詩後不禁長嘆一聲：父親的詩真是深奧，而我這個做兒子的卻實在覺得肩上的擔子太重了！（瞻題蘊精奧，守位重仔肩）嘉慶為人比較懦弱寬厚，在父親留下的這副擔子前不知如何是好，他一生都在面對內憂外患，最後不明不白地死在避暑山莊。 道光皇帝繼嘉慶之位時已四十來歲，沒有什麼才能，衹知艱苦樸素，穿的褲子還打過補丁。這對一國元首來說可不是什麼佳話。朝中大臣競相摹仿，穿了破舊衣服上朝，一眼看去，這個朝廷已經沒有多少氣數了。父親死在避暑山莊，畏怯的道光也就不願意去那裡了，讓它空關了幾十年，他有時想想也該像祖宗一樣去打一次獵，打聽能不能不經過避暑山莊就可以到木蘭圍場，回答說沒有別的道路，他也就不去打獵了。像他這麼個可憐巴巴的皇帝，似乎本來就與山莊和打獵沒有緣分的，鴉片戰爭已經爆發，他憂愁的目光衹能一直注視著南方。 避暑山莊一直關到一八六○年九月，突然接到命令，咸豐皇帝要來，趕快打掃。咸豐這次來時帶的銀兩特別多，原來是來逃難的，英法聯軍正威脅著北京。咸豐這一來就不走了，東走走西看看，慶幸祖輩留下這麼個好地方讓他躲避。他在這裡又批准了好幾份喪權辱國的條約，但簽約後還是不走，直到一八六一年八月廿二日死在這兒，差不多住了近一年。 咸豐一死，避暑山莊熱鬧了好些天，各種政治勢力圍著遺體進行著明明暗暗的較量。一場被歷史學家稱之為辛酉政變的行動方案在山莊的幾間屋子裡制定，然後，咸豐的棺木向北京啟運了，剛繼位的小皇帝也出發了，浩浩蕩蕩。避暑山莊的大門又一次緊緊地關住了，而就在這支浩浩蕩蕩的隊伍中間，很快站出來一個二十七歲的青年女子，她將統治中國數十年。 她就是慈禧，離開了山莊後再也沒有回來。不久又下了一道命令，說熱河避暑山莊已經幾十年不用，殿亭各宮多已傾圮，衹是咸豐皇帝去時稍稍修治了一下，現在咸豐已逝，眾人已走，所有熱河一切工程，著即停止。 這個命令，與康熙不修長城的諭旨前後輝映。康熙的長城也終於傾坍了，荒草淒迷，暮鴉迴翔，舊牆斑剝，霉苔處處，而大門卻緊緊地關著。關住了那些宮殿房舍倒也罷了，還關住了那麼些蒼鬱的山，那麼些晶亮的水。在康熙看來，這兒就是他心目中的清代，但清代把它丟棄了，於是自己也就成了一個喪魂落魄的朝代。慈禧在北京修了一個頤和園，與避暑山莊對抗，塞外溯北的園林不會再有對抗的能力和興趣，它似乎已屬於另外一個時代。康熙連同他的園林一起失敗了，敗在一個沒有讀過什麼書，沒有建立過什麼功業的女人手裡。熱河的雄風早已吹散，清朝從此陰氣重重、劣跡斑斑。 當新的一個世紀來到的時候，一大群漢族知識分子向這個政權發出了毀滅性聲討，民族仇恨重新在心底燃起，三百年前抗清志士的事跡重新被發掘和播揚。避暑山莊，在這個時候是一個邪惡的象徵，老老實實躲在遠處，儘量不要叫人發現。 five 清朝的滅亡後，社會震盪，世事忙亂，人們也沒有心思去品咂一下這次歷史變更的苦澀厚味，匆匆忙忙趕路去了。直到一九二七年六月一日，大學者王國維先生在頤和園投水而死，才讓全國的有心人肅然深思。 王國維先生的死因眾說紛紜，我們且不管它，衹知道這位漢族文化大師拖著清代的一條辮子，自盡在清代的皇家園林裡，遺囑為五十之年，衹欠一死；經此事變，義無再辱。他不會不知道明末清初為漢族人是束髮還是留辮之爭曾發生過驚人的血案，他不會不知道劉宗周、黃宗羲、顧炎武這些大學者的慷慨行跡，他更不會不知道按照世界歷史的進程，社會巨變乃屬必然，但是他還是死了。我贊成陳寅恪先生的說法，王國維先生並不死於政治鬥爭、人事糾葛，或僅僅為清廷盡忠，而是死於一種文化： 凡一種文化值衰落之時，為此文化所化之人，必感苦痛，其表現此文化之程量愈宏，則其所受之苦痛亦愈甚；迨既達極深之度，殆非出於自殺無以求一己之心安而義盡也。（《王觀堂先生輓詞並序》） 王國維先生實在又無法把自己為之而死的文化與清廷分割開來。在他的書架裡，《古今圖書集成》、《康熙字典》、《四庫全書》、《紅樓夢》、《桃花扇》、《長生殿》、乾嘉學派、納蘭性德等等都把兩者連在一起了，於是對他來說衣冠舉止，生態心態，也莫不兩相混同。我們記得，在康熙手下，漢族高層知識分子經過劇烈的心理掙扎已開始與朝廷產生某種文化認同，沒有想到的是，當康熙的政治事業和軍事事業已經破敗之後，文化認同竟還未消散。為此，宏才多學的王國維先生要以生命來祭奠它。他沒有從心理掙扎中找到希望，死得可惜又死得必然。知識分子總是不同尋常，他們總要在政治軍事的折騰之後表現出長久的文化韌性，文化變成了生命，衹有靠生命來擁抱文化了，別無他途；明末以後是這樣，清末以後也是這樣。但清末又是整個中國封建制度的末尾，因此王國維先生祭奠的該是整個中國傳統文化。清代衹是他的落腳點。 王國維先生到頤和園這也還是第一次，是從一個同事處借了五元錢才去的，頤和園門票六角，死後口袋中尚餘四元四角，他去不了承德，也推不開山莊緊閉的大門。 今天，我們面對著避暑山莊的清澈湖水，卻不能不想起王國維先生的面容和身影。我輕輕地嘆息一聲，一個風雲數百年的朝代，總是以一群強者英武的雄姿開頭，而打下最後一個句點的，卻常常是一些文質彬彬的淒怨靈魂。