Chapter 3 Chapter 2 The Land of the Exiles

one The Northeast is the Northeast after all, and it is now the end of midsummer. The watermelons in the south of the Yangtze River have already harvested vines, but here seems to have just bloomed. A wall made of watermelons stretches high and low beside the road, and the melon farmers are still there. Take them out of the green melon fields one by one and pile them on top.When I stopped the car and asked the price, I was surprised that it was only eight cents a catty.I bought a lot of them and moved them to the car. I cut up one and gnawed it on the side of the road.I was surprised when I took a sip, it was refreshing and sweet that I have rarely tasted in my life!In the past, when Jiangnan watermelons were off the market, there would always be a batch of northern melons. Those melons tasted thick and bland, and they were despised by Jiangnan people. I even felt sorry for my friends in the north for this.Friends in the north argued that it was due to the long-distance transportation, and some unripe melons were picked long ago and cooked slowly in the wagon and warehouse, which did not represent the northern melons.I really believed it today, and I couldn't help but look up at the land in front of me while eating watermelon.The sky here is very deep blue, so the white clouds are set off in a silvery and three-dimensional sense.Under the blue sky and white clouds are all plants, including crops and flowers and plants that fend for themselves.Compared with the Great Northwest, this place is not barren at all, but compared with Jiangnan, it seems to lack those warm and delicate twists and turns, showing a little desolation and vastness.

Could this piece of land contain so much sweetness? My heart trembled when I thought about this question, because I was standing on the halfway from Mudanjiang to Jingpo Lake, and my feet were Ning'an County, Heilongjiang Province, where it was called Ninggu Pagoda in Qing Dynasty.As long as readers who have a little knowledge of Qing history can understand my feelings, in the long hundreds of years, I don’t know how many so-called prisoners’ verdicts stated that they were exiled to Ningguta! I saw this place name for the first time many years ago when I read Lu Xun's article on the literary inquisition of the Qing Dynasty, because it was connected with the brutal political persecution and the tragic life experience, so I couldn't help but look up and think about it geographical shape.Later, for some reason, I paid more and more attention to the historical materials of Literary Inquisition, so this place name became a common vocabulary in my reading.In recent years, I like to read works on some regional cultures. When I read "A Study of Northeast Exiles in the Early Qing Dynasty" written by Mr. Xie Guozhen half a century ago and "History of Northeast Exiles" published by Mr. Li Xingsheng two years ago, I repeatedly talked with them. dealt with.Today, I actually stepped on this famous land, and the first thing it gave me was sweetness!

There are so many court records using it as a period, so the three calm words of Ningguta have become the most inauspicious spells in the hearts of officials and scribes across the country.Anyone can have a life-long connection with this place overnight, but when they arrive here, property, fame, honor, knowledge, and even the entire wealth and life will fall into a dark abyss, and it is almost impossible to swim out.The Golden Temple is very far away and very close, so these three words often sneak into the nightmares of the high pillows and brocade quilts, scaring so many people out of cold sweat.The rulers of the Qing Dynasty especially liked to exile people from the south of the Yangtze River, so this land has a deep relationship with my birthplace and the place where I make a living.There must be a lot of difference between the Jiangsu and Zhejiang accent hundreds of years ago and now, but the clouds are still the same, and the sky is still the same.The land is not like this.There is a book called "Miscellaneous Notes of Research Institute", it is written that the Ninggu Pagoda at that time was almost not a human world. When the exiles went, they were often eaten by tigers, wolves and beasts on the way, and were even divided by hungry locals. And eating it, not many can survive.At that time, there was another famous place of exile called Shangyangbao, which was also a creepy place name, but compared with Ninggu Tower, Shangyangbao still had a house to live in, and it was so good that it could survive. .Some people may think that a place with a tower must have some civilization left over, how could this be?This is wrong.There is no tower in Ninggu Tower. These three characters are completely transliterated in Manchu, meaning six (Ninggu is six, and Tower is one). It is said that there were six brothers who lived here in the early days, and the six Individuals may also be distantly related to the later Qing Dynasty.

Today, my starting point and destination are both beautiful. Come to think of it, even the names of Mudanjiang and Jingpo Lake are too beautiful to behold, but the main purpose of my trip is the place of exile on the way.From it, I also think of several other famous places of exile in Northeast China, such as today's Shenyang (called Shengjing at the time), Kaiyuan County in Liaoning (that is, Shangyangbao at the time), and Qiqihar (called Bukui at the time), and so on. I want to touch some uncomfortable parts of Chinese history. two The punishments for criminals in the ancient Chinese dynasties are complicated and complicated, but roughly speaking, there are three types of punishments: beating, killing, and exile.Beating is a light punishment, killing is a capital punishment, and exile is neither light nor heavy.There are many styles of beating, and the tools (such as cane, staff, etc.), methods and quantities of beating are different.No matter how dignified a senior official, no matter how refined and refined a scholar is, he has been educated to see no evil since he was a child, and he behaves with restraint. When he stood in the center of the hall to speak just now, he tried to mobilize a series of profound allusions to replace everything. As for the secular vocabulary, it was so elegant that it couldn't be more elegant. Suddenly, I didn't know which sentence was wrong, and I was immediately pushed to the ground by a group of palace guards, and my pants were stripped down in full view.The pale muscles, the bright red blood, the wailing that did not dare to utter loudly, and the messy white hair strongly reminded the civil and military officials standing aside: you are only a physiological existence after all.It has never been such a thing to use thought to refute thought, and reason to face reason.If you don't agree with each other, please show your respect.Compared with the scenery here, writing books, discussing and discussing together has become a ridiculous existence.Chinese society is always unreasonable and unreasonable, which is related to this.

There are even more tricks to kill.In my early years, I read in an old book a detailed account of how Emperor Jiaqing killed a chef who tried to stab him in the Old Summer Palace, and he couldn’t eat for several days.Later, I finally learned about other ways of killing people. I really hope that no one in our next generation will know these things.That large set of styles can only be designed by those who have completely discarded their humanity but maintained sufficient imagination.In my opinion, their design principle is to turn death into a long process that can be savored and chewed slowly. In this process, all the organs and skin that make up a person become the cause of pain, Therefore, the tortured person can only resent himself for being a human being.I believe that the killing method implemented by the Chinese court government is the most cruel self-suicide game in the hundreds of thousands of years since human beings transformed from apes.Fortunately, none of the emperors of China had any weak nerves in this regard. They always weighed various ways of death like playing cards. In this case, not only the dying prisoner would sincerely thank the emperor for his kindness, but the emperor himself also felt that he was merciful and magnanimous.This habit of the emperor has become a social practice in China, and the balance of many smiling plans is often based on the premise of overall cruelty.Cruelty has become a widely contagious historical and social germ, and extreme measures are taken at every turn to drive out humanity, public morality, faith, tolerance, and peace.

Now it's time to go back to exile.Speaking of the tricks of killing, exile has indeed become an extremely kind punishment, but in fact, for the recipient, no matter how slow the killing is, it will never delay too long, but exile is a long-term terrible torture.It's fine to be dead, the problem is that people are still alive, and all kinds of misfortunes have to be endured with the heart a little bit, which is more troublesome than death.For the Jiangnan people and Central Plains people who were exiled in the Northeast at that time, the first unbearable fact is the scale of the exile.Sometimes not only the whole family is exiled, but also the nine clans are affected. All relatives, near and far, even neighbors, all become exiles, often in a team of dozens or hundreds of people, mighty and mighty.Don't think it's not bad to travel together in such a lively and lively way. You should know that these families that were well-clothed and well-fed a few days ago have been confiscated, and their property and property have disappeared. Serving soldiers as slaves, serving armored men as slaves, etc., have been slaves since they were children.Afraid that they would escape along the way, they were chained for thousands of miles.Now I casually flipped through the historical materials on the table and saw such a record: In the eighth year of Xuande in the Ming Dynasty, one hundred and seventy prisoners were exiled to the Northeast at one time, but two-thirds died on the way, and only five were left in the Northeast. ten people.From this, the natural hardships and human abuse along the way can be imagined.After finally arriving at the place of exile, these slaves were allocated to the master, who would spoil the beautiful women at will, lest the husband would get in the way, and kill the husband first; so many people could not be used, so some women were selected to sell to prostitutes, and some men were selected to go to the prostitution. Change horses.The best treatment is to work as a coolie in the so-called Guanzhuang. Of course, there is no freedom at all. According to Wu Zhaoqian, an exiled scholar in the Qing Dynasty, the people in Guanzhuang are all skinny. There is no free time.

In a book called "Jieyu Jilue", the scenes of Jiangnan women who were exiled there were described: the leftovers were picked up immediately, the frost and snow wells were like mountains, and those who were barefoot and single-clothes mourned on their shoulders were unrecognizable, all Chinese Wealthy family also.Among these poor women who draw water, there must be many people like Cui Yingying and Lin Daiyu. I dare not recall the delicate and reserved yesterday, and even the sad love tragedy has become a luxury. Ding Jie, a poet in the Kangxi period, once wrote these two poems: Dorset North, a beauty from the South,

Half of the famous scholars in the Central Plains are from Liaoyang. How many real tragedies should be contained here that people dare not think about.The verse may be a bit exaggerated, but it is true that the provinces of the Central Plains were exiled in the Northeast to the point where there were no provinces and no people.According to Mr. Li Xingsheng's statistics, the total number of exiles from the Northeast in the Qing Dynasty alone (the concept is slightly larger than that of exiled criminals) was more than 1.5 million.Ordinary civilians are rarely exiled, so the proportion of celebrities and beautiful women is indeed not low.

As I said before, among so many people, a large part of them are implicated, and this grievance is really too great.Those distant relatives, who may have never met the person concerned at all, and their kinship can only be sorted out through the tortuous gestures of the older generation, are all driven here now.In the eyes of the rulers, Chinese people are not individuals, they are just leaves growing on the big family tree. If a leaf is not pleasing to the eye, it proves that it is not good from the root, so a big tree is pulled out by the root.I think this is how the original meaning of the word Zhulian came about.There are so many leaves on the tree, I don't know which one will cause accidents and harm myself, and I don't know when my every move will harm the whole tree, so I can only tremble, as if I am facing an abyss, like walking on thin ice.In this way, how can China still have an independent individual consciousness?Haven't we seen many people who are very clear in their hearts but extremely useless in their actions?For some things, if they stick to what they think in their hearts, they will stick to their personality and individuality, but when they frown and think about their wives, children, relatives and friends, they immediately change their minds.Since not a single leaf on the big tree dares to face the blowing of the wind, the infiltration of the dew, and the drifting of the frost, the whole forest becomes a dead forest without the sound of the wind and the sound of birds.What the court needs is such a dead forest that looks green and verdant on the surface, and the purpose of Zhulian is here.I often imagine that when those parties met distant relatives who had never heard of them in the exile in the Northeast, but this time they died because of themselves, what would they say and what kind of expressions would they make?And how would those distant relatives react?There is no doubt that the person concerned is extremely guilty, but is guilt alone enough?And what is the guilt?He might have to explain the case, but could he really make sense of his case?Those who can explain their own cases are the real criminals among the exiles, that is, what we call criminals; The experiences are also very historical, but at least I am not interested in them today as I write this.The most unclear thing is that those literati, who accidentally got involved in the literary prison and the court case, became prisoners overnight, but Fu Daming was not beheaded, and stumbled to the northeast with a large group of implicated people , most of them were confused about their case.

Many people have already written about the inexplicable words, so I don’t want to say anything more.I think that among the literati exiled in the Northeast, the ones who really committed crimes were probably those who cheated in the imperial examinations.Since the Ming Dynasty, especially the Qing Dynasty, there have been one after another of so-called court cases. It seems that Lu Xun’s grandfather also got into this kind of case. Fortunately, the whole family was not exiled, otherwise we would not have "The True Story of Ah Q" to read.In my opinion, there are some people who cheated in the examination room (Lu Xun's grandfather seems to be real), but a large part of them are exaggerated or even made out of nothing.For example, in 1657 (the 14th year of Shunzhi), there were two famous imperial examination cases, which resulted in many people being killed and exiled. We might as well choose the more serious one, the so-called Nanwei imperial examination case, to read more A few glances.After an exam was over and the list was released, the officials who failed the exam were full of complaints and discussed a lot. The most talked about was that Fang Zhangyue, a young man from Anhui who was admitted to Juren, might (!) be distantly related to the examiner. Avoid, if you don't avoid, you may cheat.The speeches of the failed candidates were heard by an official, so they played a copy to the Emperor Shunzhi. Immediately after hearing the play, the Emperor Shunzhi (!) decreed that both the chief examiner and the deputy examiner should be dismissed, and the candidate Fang Zhangyue should be arrested. strict trial.The Anhui examinee's father is Fang Gongqian, who was also an official in the imperial court. He said that our family had never had a joint clan with the chief examiner. However, the court can investigate.Originally, this was a matter that was easy to investigate, but the trouble was that the emperor had already stated his position and dismissed the two chief examiners. If there was really no connection with the sect, where would the emperor's face be put?Therefore, the imperial court insisted that the two of you must have joined the clan, it is impossible not to join the clan, there is no reason not to join the clan, why not?It's no wonder if they don't join the sect!Since it is certain that they have been linked to the clan, they should avoid it during the exams for their children. It is a crime not to avoid it.The Ministry of Criminal Justice spent a lot of time pondering over this case, pondering over the emperor's thoughts, and finally drew up a handling plan and reported it to the public. Just put him to death, and others will have nothing to say if he finishes the matter to the end; as for Fang Zhangyue, the examinee, the court does not recognize him as a juren and is void.

This treatment plan was sent to Emperor Shunzhi. Everyone thought that the emperor might be a little more lenient than the Ministry of Punishment and make some gestures. Unexpectedly, the emperor's reply was extremely terrible: it is not polite to behead the chief and deputy chief examiners; Where did the examiner go?A total of eighteen people were all hanged, their property was confiscated, and their wives and daughters were all made slaves.I heard that an examiner surnamed Lu has died?If he is lucky, his family property will also be confiscated, and his wife and daughter will also be slaves.Also, let the Anhui candidate not be a juren?No, all the eight candidates who passed the exam should be cleaned up, all their property should be confiscated, and each person will be given a 40-big board. More importantly, the parents, brothers, and wives of their group of candidates will have to fight with these few Individuals together, all exiled to Ninggu Tower! (See Volume 121 of "Records of the Master of the Qing Dynasty") This is a typical ancient Chinese judgment, and the punishment is so heavy that it is completely outrageous.Isn't it just that one candidate may be a little bit related to the examiner?His father had already ruled out the suspicion when he came out, but the result was still so tragic, and the scope involved was so great.It shouldn’t be a problem for the examiners who can represent the imperial court to test Jiangnan officials, whether it is knowledge, social popularity, or the degree of trust in them by the imperial court, but because one of them has a slight suspicion that has been eliminated, twenty Kill them all, leave none behind.Moreover, they and the family members of the examinees all suffered unexplainably.Among them, the only one who can explain the ins and outs of the suspicion a little more clearly is the Fang family of the Anhui examinee. Others who were killed, beaten, and exiled may not even know the basic reason.But no matter, the execution ground was already full of heads and blood, and the road to the northeast was already full of vigor.During the long journey, the family members of these candidates felt relieved when they thought of the twenty or so college students whose heads were in different places a few days ago.What's more, such a famous person didn't make a sound before his death, so why should I come out and cry for injustice?What hero?This is the logic of spiritual protection for the Chinese when they face the greatest grievances and disasters.There is nothing to ask about all the reasons and reasons, even if there is a natural disaster.Let's look at the victims who have been displaced all the time. How many have asked about the reasons for the formation of typhoons and the reasons for flash floods?Forget it, keep your head down and work, it's good to be able to do this. three Disasters are nothing more than disasters to ordinary people, but they are different to intellectuals.When the disaster first strikes, they are more nervous, more painful, and less capable of coping than ordinary people; but when this pass is passed, some of them will regain their cultural awareness and begin to deal with the disaster. Wash away those superficial aspects that only those who are lucky will pursue, and seek the essence of life.At this time, the other exiles who would often laugh at the intellectuals had to refrain, and they began to look at these gentlemen who like to sigh and have no power to restrain chickens.The exiled literati finally survived life and death. The first signal of impact was to start reciting poems. Many of them had already obtained this kind of spiritual recovery on the way to the Northeast, because according to the traffic conditions at that time, it was thousands of miles away. Walk for quite a long time.Ding Peng, a Hangzhou poet and chief examiner who was exiled due to the imperial court case in the early Qing Dynasty, saw many other exiles’ poems inscribed on the walls of many post stations on the way to the northeast. After reading them one by one, he couldn’t help smiling.Seeing that he was so happy, the family members who went into exile with him asked, "Why, did the imperial court order you to go back?"Ding Peng said: No.I really want to thank the emperor for giving me such a good opportunity to swim in a long river of talent. Do you know that almost all the people who go into exile in the Northeast are talented people, so I don’t worry about not having friends when I go there.Ding Peng was right. The exile team really brought together some outstanding scribes who were usually scattered all over the place. A few lines of poems were the banner of their spiritual communication.When Ding Peng was exiled, his friend Zhang Jinyan came to see him off. Unexpectedly, Zhang Jinyan was also exiled three years later. The garrison was far away, and he had to pass through Ding Peng’s exile. Poetry is still the only thing that can be given away.The poem Ding Peng sent to Zhang Jinyan is very representative of the general psychology of the exiles: Grieving for the long sword when you grow old, Hu Wei's expedition? Half a lifetime of soldiers and horses, Phrase Yuguan line! The rocks rush towards the clouds, The flying sand shakes the moraine. Wanfang new rain and dew, Can't reach the border town. ("Send Zhang Tan Gong Fang Bo out of the Fortress") Ding Peng was exiled for a few years earlier, so he is qualified to tell Zhang Jinyan: You need wine to worry about dramas, and don't write papers when you are in danger. Shi Weimo's thesis is not to be afraid and avoid, but to hope that friends will stop thinking about problems in such a dangerous situation according to the original literary thinking.To use the poems given by Wu Weiye to Wu Zhaoqian, the general feeling of literati in the face of exile should be that mountains are not mountains and waters are not waters, life is not life and death is not death. The concept of the book is also becoming vague and confusing, which is not entirely a bad thing for many literati. Some literati, when they were first exiled, still held a look of loneliness and loyalty, waiting for the day when the Holy Master would vindicate Zhaoxue; some hoped that someone would use Confucian ethics and moral standards to re-examine their grievances, even after their own death. It would be nice to have a historian to say a few words of justice.However, the vast wilderness beyond the Great Wall denied them, and the mighty cold wind from the north laughed at them. Although Wen Tianxiang wrote about keeping his loyalty to reflect the history, the history itself is so ambiguous. Exiles to the Northeast generally remember the envoys of the Southern Song Dynasty during the Song-Jin War.Hong Hao and Zhang Shao were exiled to Heilongjiang by Jin people.Hong Hao and Zhang Shao can be considered to be proud of the Song Dynasty court, and they are still awe-inspiring and unyielding even when they are picking wild vegetables to satisfy their hunger and picking up horse manure to keep warm.Once a friendly Jurchen nobleman was talking to Hong Hao, and they started arguing during the conversation. The Jurchen nobleman said angrily: You are still so stubborn, do you think I can't kill you?Hong Hao replied: I can die, but in this way you will be given the notoriety of beheading, I am afraid it is not good.Thirty miles away from here is a place called Lianhualuo. Why don't we take a boat ride together and you push me into the water and say I made a mistake? Wouldn't it be the best of both worlds?His calm attitude stunned the Jurchen nobles.Later Jin Bing occupied Huaibei and announced that all Song Dynasty officials who were from Huaibei could go home. Many exiled Song Dynasty officials falsely claimed that they were from Huaibei and returned south. Only Hong Hao and Zhang Shao clearly stated that they were from Huaibei. People from Jiangnan, therefore, have been exiled in the northeast until the Song and Jin peace talks were reached before returning.It was completely unexpected that these two men suffered for the Song court in the Northeast for more than ten years, but they were immediately demoted when they came back. Dying on the long journey of ups and downs.On the contrary, the Jin people respected these two envoys who opposed them very much. Every time someone came to the Song court, they would always inquire about them, and even showed pity for their children.This kind of case makes the exiles who descended to the Northeast think deeply.Since the imperial court treats its envoys like this, is it really worthy of everyone's loyalty to it?Is everything that we used to think supreme in our heads really that valuable? Following this line of thought, a miracle occurred in the Northeast exile area: many exiled officials of the Qing Dynasty formed good friends with the anti-Qing righteous men, even to the point of life and death.The object of their original allegiance, whether it was the Ming Dynasty or the Qing Dynasty, was dissolved, dissolved in the snowstorm in Shuobei, and dissolved in the reconfirmation of the value of life. We are both banished from the ice and sky, and our fur is short and brown, and we are on a blind date. (Dai Zi) When the official title, identity, and family property are all stripped away, what remains is the direct call of life to life.Li Yin, Wei Guan, Ji Kaisheng, Li Chengxiang, Hao Yu, Chen Yechen, etc., who were the best friends of the famous anti-Qing righteous man Han Ke when he was exiled in the Northeast, were almost all demoted Qing officials. With these people as the backbone, Han Ke returned A Bingtian Poetry Club was established.Is it possible that these former officials are now involved in Han Ke's anti-Qing thoughts?Not really.The only way they met was to respect each other through righteousness and righteousness. The righteousness mentioned here does not have the usual national and national significance, but only personal character.In fact, personal character is the most important thing, and it is the least likely to be modified or distorted by foreign political norms.On this point, the division of major festivals and minor festivals in China has always been reversed.Those friends in Hanke are indeed very respectable in terms of personal character. Li Yin was convicted because he appealed to the court, pointing out that Chen’s escape law at that time was too heavy and involved too much; A prisoner's wife should be exempted from exile, but she herself is exiled; Ji Kaisheng is admonishing the emperor to choose beautiful women among the people, Hao Yu is impeaching the big traitor Wu Sangui for being arrogant and lawless.Now their right to speak has been deprived, but their kindness and integrity cannot be taken away, and they follow them everywhere.Han Ke formed an association with them in the seventh year of Shunzhi. At that time, many intellectuals in the south of the Yangtze River were still ashamed of being an official. Ting's long-term interests are not worthy of any sympathy, but Han Ke completely ignores this, and discovers their kindness and integrity with an unobstructed mind, and then respects them as individuals with independent personalities.Political enemies are gone, ethnic antagonisms have been relaxed, and only a group of sincere friends remain. With friends, even the biggest disaster will eliminate most of it.With friends, no matter how difficult the environment is, the scenery will suddenly change.Yang Xuan, a scholar and artist born in Songjiang County, Shanghai, was a poor man who was inexplicably convicted many times in his life and was still struggling in the Northeast wilderness until he was in his seventies. Beautiful.His song "Friends Living in Cambodia" best expresses this feeling: The same is the end of the world, thousands of miles, Dependent on each other, they are neighbors. Leisurely ride Jian Wei frequently come and go, Little Bro Shuang Ao forgets the guest of honor. The moon is full and the courtyard is as cool as water, Lusha three paths are softer than yin. The more difficult the life, the better, I don't realize that the ancient ways of the world have fallen. The more difficult the life experience, the better. This is really the greatest favor of disasters.Compared with the friends in the Northeast, the friends in Shanghai and Beijing are not friends anymore. The smiles and politeness squeezed out by the kinship and colleagues suddenly seem so reluctant, and the generous gifts and Huazhang The sentence also becomes very pale.Only here, there is no need to rely on the relationship between front and back, left and right, but relying on the naked self to find confidantes and friends who can be used for life and death. Is there anything more precious than this? I dare say that in the long Chinese feudal society, the most precious and touching friendship must have occurred in the exile areas of Shuobei and Nanhuang, among those unkempt scribes.Those other famous friendship stories have too much external decoration.In addition to the friendship between scribes in the place of exile, the friendship between outsiders and exiles will also show a special weight, because in an era when the wind of implication is at its peak, maintaining friendship with exiles is a very dangerous thing. , and the location was far away, and it was extremely difficult to maintain friendship under the transportation and communication conditions at that time.Therefore, the exiles can re-evaluate the world they were originally in by relying on the degree of maintenance of past friendships after exile after suffering from the heat of the world. During the Yuan Dynasty, Chief Luo from Zhejiang was exiled to Heilongjiang, and his friend Sun Tzugeng accompanied him all the way from Hangzhou to Heilongjiang.During the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, Cai Yurong, Minister of the Ministry of War, was convicted and exiled to Heilongjiang. His friend He Shicheng from Shanghai not only escorted him all the way, but also stayed with Cai Yurong in Heilongjiang for more than two years before returning to Jiangnan.There are also many people who made a special trip to the northeast to visit friends. For example, Fu Zuoji, an exile during the Kangxi period, saw his old friend Wu Qingxia traveling thousands of miles to visit him. He used this poem to express his feelings: There are gao ke in the thick shadows, Where was Liu Ying yesterday? Friendship, through re-selection, appears pure and solid. What makes me particularly enamored is the painstaking efforts of Gu Zhenguan to rescue his old friend Wu Zhaoqian from exile in the Northeast during the Kangxi period.Gu Zhenguan knew that his old friend had been in the frontier for a long time and had suffered all kinds of hardships, so he really wanted to redeem him in his later years so that he could live a stable life for a few days.He is determined to pay homage to the princes of the seat to raise money for ransom, but this matter cannot be based on money alone, but also to get the most authoritative person in the dynasty to nod and tell the emperor that Xiang is the right one.He managed to get acquainted with Nalan Rongruo, the son of Mingzhu, the Taifu of the dynasty.If Nalan Rongruo is a person with good character and literature, he is also willing to help his friends, but he feels that the request made by Gu Zhenguan is of great importance, so it is difficult to nod.Gu Zhenguan had no choice but to show Nalan Rongruo the two lyrics he wrote in memory of Wu Zhaoqian, "Golden Hazel Song", because those two lyrics expressed a kind of true love in the world, and they should be more persuasive than anything else. Nalan Rongruo.The full text of the two sentences is as follows: Is Ji Zi safe?Then come back, everything in life is worth looking back on. Who comforts me on the long journey, my mother's hometown is poor and my son is young.Can't remember, I used to have a glass of wine. You should be used to fighting people with charm, always losing to him, turning the rain over the clouds.Ice and snow, dealt with for a long time. The tears are not dripping through the cow's clothes, counting the end of the world, still the same flesh and blood, how many families can do it? It's more lifeless than a beautiful girl, not to mention it still exists today.Only absolutely blocked, bitter and cold. For 20 years, Bao Xu made a promise, hoping that Wutou Majiao will eventually save him.Place this letter, with your sleeves in your arms. I also wandered for a long time.In the past ten years, I have exhausted my deep kindness, and I have been a teacher and friend in life and death. In the past, the same name was not stolen. Try to see Du Ling's weight loss, which has never diminished, and Yelang's sorrow. Farewell to friends and friends, ask life, is it bleak?Never hate, cut it for the king. Brother Xin Wei Wu Ding Chou, together some time, the frost destroyed, premature aging Pu Liu. Cifu must be written less from now on, and the heart and soul should be kept together.I hope to win, Heqing Life Insurance. Returning to the sun, I hurriedly flipped through the manuscripts, and passed on the empty name dishes to my back.Can't say enough, Guan paused. I don’t know how the readers felt after reading these two poems. Anyway, Nalan Rongruo burst into tears as soon as he finished reading it, and said to Gu Zhenguan: Give me ten years, and I will take care of it as my own business. Tell me again.When Gu Zhenguan heard this, she became anxious: Ten years?How many years does he have to live?Five years, okay?Nalan Rongruo nodded while wiping away tears. After many people's efforts, Wu Zhaoqian was finally redeemed.At the banquet welcoming him, a friend wrote a poem: "Twenty years of Ci Fu is poor and old, and thousands of miles of ice and frost are returned by horses."Yes, he has only come back all these years alone, but the horse that has returned from thousands of miles has really carried the power of human friendship. There is another person who escaped secretly with the help of a friend, and with the help of a friend who was also in exile. He is Li Jianru from Xiaoshan, Zhejiang.This person likes to make friends the most. It is said that no matter who knocks on the door late at night, he will stay overnight, and he will always help the guests with any difficulties.After he was exiled, he had been taken care of by his friend Yang Yue who was exiled with him. Later, he was old and frail, and really wanted to leave that place. Yue handled this matter from beginning to end, until finally he got outside and pulled him out of the big urn to say goodbye in tears, and then returned to continue his exile.The truth of this incident was spread quietly among the exiles. Everyone admired Yang Yue very much, and they would help him with any righteous deeds, and it was ashamed not to participate.In this sense, disasters can indeed purify people, and they can purify many people. I often think that the boldness, hospitality, friendship, and loyalty of Northeast people today must be deeply related to the spiritual legacy of the exiles.Exile has created a rich spiritual world, which has benefited us so far. Four In addition to enjoying friendship, exiles always have to do something they want to do.Basic labor has to be paid, but the climate in the Northeast makes it impossible to carry out field work for a long time of the year, and the managers are also loose and tight, and some belong to the objects of the company or the children and grandchildren who came with their parents There is often a little freedom, sometimes, in some places, and even the whole exile is in a state of laissez-faire, which makes the exiles generally have a lot of free time and need to find work for themselves.It is not difficult for ordinary laborers to find a job, but literati once again fell into deep thought. I, always do something that others can't replace, right?There must be some behavior higher than picking wild vegetables, picking up horse dung, burning lime, and burning charcoal, right?Especially when the precious friendship brought the literati together, my self-question became our collective thinking.Since we are attracted to each other by virtue of our cultural personality, we must further find a suitable way of behavior to become a practicing and acting cultural group. Only in this way can we seek the stability of our souls.This is a kind of return. Most exiles did not have the blessings of Wu Zhaoqian and Li Jianru to return to the south. They can only rely on this return in the cultural sense, but in fact this return is more important.Wu Zhaoqian died of poverty and illness three years after his return to the south, and lived only 54 years old. Li Jianru fled back because of sneaking, and went to the south, east Tibet, and lived only three years.The exiles who stayed in the Northeast returned home from the road of culture, and some of them lived a long life. More common is teaching.For example, Hong Hao once silently wrote the "Four Books" on dried birch bark and taught them to the children of the villagers. Zhang Shao even gave lectures on "The Great Change" in exile. Every opportunity to spread the Dharma; the second is to teach farming and merchants. For example, Yang Yue spent a lot of effort to spread the southern farming technology in the exile area, teaching the local people to use broken wood for houses instead of digging the ground for houses, and let the exiles They exchanged fish and animal husbandry products with the local aborigines, cultivated initial market awareness, and at the same time carried out cultural education, almost all-roundly promoting this land to civilization.The exiles with higher cultural literacy took the Northeast, a corner that was rarely covered in previous annals and texts, as the object of their cultural investigation, and left the results of the investigation in various ways, and they still conduct regional cultural research for everything.的專家們所寶愛。例如方拱乾所著《寧古塔志》、吳振臣所著《寧古塔紀略》、張縉彥所著《寧古塔山水記》、楊賓所著《柳邊紀略》、英和所著《龍沙物產詠》、《龍江紀事》等等便是最好的例子，這些著作（有的是詩集）具有極高的歷史學、地理學、風俗學、物產學等多方面的學術價值，是足可永垂史冊的。 我們知道，中國古代的學術研究除了李時珍、徐霞客等少數例外，多數習慣於從書本來到書本去，缺少野外考察精神，致使我們的學術傳統至今還缺乏實證意識。這些流放者卻在艱難困苦之中齊心協力地克服了這種弊端，寫下了中國學術史上讓人驚喜的一頁。他們腳下的這塊土地給了他們那麼多無告的陌生，那麼多絕望的酸辛，但他們卻無意怨恨它，反而用溫熱的手掌撫摸著它，讓它感受文明的熱量，使它進入文化的史冊。 在這整個過程中，有幾個代代流放的南方家族給東北所起的文化作用特別大，例如清代浙江的呂留良家庭、安徽的方拱乾、方孝標家族以及浙江的楊越、楊賓父子等。近代國學大師章太炎先生在民國初年曾說到因遭文字獄而世代流放東北的呂留良（即呂用晦）家族的貢獻：呂氏後裔多以塾師、醫藥、商販為業。土人稱之曰老呂家，雖為台隸，求師者必於呂氏，諸犯官遣戍者，必履其庭，故土人不敢輕，其後裔亦未嘗自屈也。齊齊哈爾人知書，由呂用晦後裔謫戍者開之，至於今用夏變夷之功亦著矣。說到方家，章太炎說：初，開原、鐵嶺以外皆胡地也，無讀書識字者。寧古塔人知書，由方孝標後裔謫戍者開之。（《太炎文錄續編》）當代歷史學家認為，太炎先生的這種說法史實可能有所誤，評價可能略嫌高，但肯定兩個家族在東北地區文教上的啟蒙之功是完全不錯的。 一個家族世世代代流放下去，對這個家族來說是莫大的悲哀，但他們對東北的開發事業卻進行了一代接一代的連續性攻堅。他們是流放者，但他們實際上又成了老資格的土著，他們的故鄉究竟在何處呢？我提這問題，在同情和惆悵中又包含著對勝利者的敬意，因為在文化意義上，他們是英勇的佔領者。 不管怎麼說，東北這塊在今天的中華版圖中已經一點也不顯得荒涼和原始的土地，應該記住這兩個家族和其他流放者，記住是他們的眼淚和汗水，是他們軟軟的南方口音，給這塊土地播下了文明的種子。不要把視線老是停留在那些邊界戰役和民族抗爭上，停留在那些轟轟烈烈的大事件上，那些戰爭和事件，其實並沒有給這塊土地帶來多少滋養。 five 我希望上面這些敘述不至於構成這樣一種誤解，以為流放這件事從微觀來說造成了許多痛苦，而從宏觀來說卻並不太壞。No.從宏觀來說，流放無論如何也是對文明的一種摧殘。部分流放者從傷痕纍纍的苦痛中掙扎出來，手忙腳亂地創造出了那些文明，並不能給流放本身增色添彩。且不說多數流放者不再有什麼文化創造，即便是我們在上文中評價最高的那幾位，也無法成為我國文化史上的第一流人才。第一流人才可以受盡磨難，卻不能受到超越基本生理限度和物質限度的最嚴重侵害。儘管屈原、司馬遷、曹雪芹也受了不少苦，但寧古塔那樣的流放方式卻永遠也出不了《離騷》、《史記》和《紅樓夢》。文明可能產生於野蠻，卻絕不喜歡野蠻。我們能熬過苦難，卻絕不讚美苦難。我們不怕迫害，卻絕不肯定迫害。 部分文人之所以能在流放的苦難中顯現人性、創建文明，本源於他們內心的高貴。他們的外部身分和遭遇可以一變再變，但內心的高貴卻未曾全然消蝕，這正像不管有的人如何趕潮流或身居高位卻總也掩蓋不住內心的卑賤一樣。毫無疑問，最讓人動心的是苦難中的高貴，最讓人看出高貴之所以高貴的，也是這種高貴。憑著這種高貴，人們可以在生死存亡線的邊緣上吟詩作賦，可以用自己的一點溫暖去化開別人心頭的冰雪，繼而，可以用屈辱之身去點燃文明的火種。他們為了文化和文明，可以不顧物慾利益，不顧功利得失，義無反顧，一代又一代。從這個意義上說，這些高貴者確實是愚蠢的，而聰明的卻是那些卑賤者。但是，這種愚蠢和聰明的劃分本來就屬於術的範疇而無關乎道，也可以說本來就屬於高貴的領域之外的存在。 由此我又想到，東北這塊土地，為什麼總是顯得坦坦蕩蕩而不遮遮蓋蓋？為什麼沒有多少豐厚的歷史卻快速地進入到一個開化的狀態？至少有一部分，來自流放者心底的那份高貴。我站在這塊古代稱為寧古塔的土地上，長時間地舉頭四顧而終究又低下頭來，我向一些遠年的靈魂祭奠。為它們大多來自浙江、上海、江蘇、安徽那些我很熟悉的地方，更為它們在苦難中的高貴。