Chapter 18 Chapter Thirteen Destruction of the Galaxy Stars

Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system. If it can be disintegrated to form dozens of earths, it will be of great benefit to mankind.Going one step further, destroying the entire star system to obtain endless energy is also a huge project for the future of mankind. We are already familiar with Jupiter and the universe in its system. Galileo observed its four largest satellites in 1610. The first observation proved that small celestial bodies surround large celestial bodies, so the sun must be the real center of the solar system.In 1671, Romo observed the profit and loss of Jupiter and the moon several times within a year, and made the first correct calculation of the speed of light. A German astronomer told us that people born on Jupiter will grow tall and strong , his point is really funny.But Jupiter is indeed the largest planet in the solar system. Its volume is twice the size of the other eight planets combined. It is 1,300 times the volume of the Earth; its mass is 318 times; its diameter is 11 times larger , which has more than thirteen moons, two of which are larger than our own.Jupiter is such a giant that our moon only counts in its atmosphere.

We know it is impossible for humans, or other life forms, to survive on its surface, its atmosphere contains unbreathable hydrogen, ammonia, and methane (methane gas), and its gravity is so strong that a 150-pound human on Earth , weighs a quarter of a ton on the surface of Jupiter, but it is impossible for him to reach such a surface. Any spacecraft flying into the atmosphere, no matter how solid its texture, will be flattened into sheets by the pressure of the gas. Its surface is full of ammonia. Rain, this is the message from the radio that exploded on the surface of Jupiter. This kind of explosion can release 100 billion times the lightning energy of the earth in one second. This scene of a sudden change in the surface.

The very surface of Jupiter is mysterious, and astronomers can only use tentative methods to detect its truth. Two thousand miles below the surface of the atmosphere, there is a layer of solid hydrogen, or hydrogen mud, which is a kind of liquid hydrogen, and a large amount of rocky matter mixed together, any large object would find it impossible to rest on the surface for very long, it would sink rapidly, through the quicksand, and would come to rest perhaps a little less or a little more below 5,000 miles, because the interior of Jupiter The geology is still quite murky as it reaches the new surface, a layer so hard it is almost impenetrable, that suddenly, 7,000 to 20,000 miles below Jupiter's visible atmosphere, creates a dense metallic inner core, which is metallic Hydrogen is a strange substance that cannot be known on the earth. No one has seen it. However, under considerable gravitational pressure, it must exist. equal to 14.7 pounds per square inch), the hydrogen atom is subjected to a great pressure, and its electrons will be separated from the nucleus. In this state, the hydrogen becomes a metal.

So it's a core world of metallic hydrogen 75,000 miles in diameter covered by a layer of hydrogen mud 7,000 miles deep and a layer of gas 2,000 miles thick on top, but that's not all, according to spectrometers Analysis shows that only 78% of Jupiter contains hydrogen, 10% of helium, and the other 12% is oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, silicon, and aluminum, plus iron and other heavy elements, forming rocks and ice These are the basic elements that make up the crust. On Jupiter, we have enough mass to build thirty-eight new earth-like worlds, or three thousand moon-mass worlds, or three hundred thousand of the largest asteroids A flying city the size of a valley goddess.

Some people oppose any plan to dismantle Jupiter. They think that this largest planet has an orbital influence on other planets. Dismantling this influence will destroy the solar system. They don't know how the disappearance of Jupiter will affect the earth. But they must have the effect of destroying us, and what effect?I ask that they have no mathematical proof for this, but insist that there must be a terrible price, which may increase the distance of the earth from the sun, causing another ice age, or shorten the orbital distance, melting the ice cap and submerging All cities, some commentators have told me their conclusions that the solar system is made up of Jupiter plus debris, and apart from Jupiter, who can predict the fate of these debris?

The answer is that the removal of Jupiter will have no appreciable effect on the Earth's orbit, as the mathematician and astronomer Nicholson said, it will not have a dramatic effect, Jupiter is too far away from the Earth, and too small, it The disappearance of the solar system will not have a great impact on us. Five times closer to us than Jupiter is a celestial body with a mass a thousand times greater than the sun. A more appropriate name for the solar system should be the sun plus fragments. The sun is three times more massive than the earth. It contains 99.86% of the mass of the solar system. As Nicholson pointed out, its gravity on her planet is 16,000 times that of Jupiter on the earth. It can be seen that Jupiter is only part of the solar system portion only.

However, this large planet is of great scientific interest at present, and many questions about its composition need to be answered. Even if we were to disassemble it for economical reasons today, astronomers would object to this project, although Jupiter's atmosphere would Squeeze all space instruments that fly in, but in the next century, there will be many manned and unmanned spaceships flying around Jupiter, just like building a scientific observatory on Jupiter's innermost moon Amasisi, At such a close distance of 110,000 miles, this giant planet will occupy a quarter of the sky, and all kinds of scientific instruments will exert their power on it, but in addition, it is still impossible to see the mud of Jupiter clearly. like surface, not to mention the metal-like surface underneath, before the twentieth century, jupiter provided all the fruits of science intact, and in the twenty-third century, astronomers would be interested in looking inside its interior and putting something to break it down , if it cannot be done, the long-term needs of human beings will come to a halt.

What is the most effective way to destroy Jupiter?Most efficient means the one that takes the least amount of time, consumes the least amount of energy, is least dangerous to humans, and has the potential to disintegrate a planet, Dieson wrote in 1966, and to prove this, he published A paper proving that even with today's scientific knowledge it is possible to disassemble Jupiter, a work that would take forty thousand years, would be done with metal grids wound around Jupiter's equator until it runs like a motor Then use a giant reflector satellite to convert solar energy into electrical energy, generate a magnetic field through the grid ring, and increase the rotational speed of Jupiter until the centrifugal force begins to tear it apart, and its fragments will fly into space. More debris flew away.

Dieson is not implying that this is the most effective method, he is just proving that the disintegration of Jupiter is not basically impossible, it is achievable, his grid ring method has two major drawbacks, the first is that it will take 40,000 years time (by Diessen's own calculations), and it's hard to imagine a society that has spent four hundred centuries just getting something with thirty-eight Earth masses, and seventy-eight percent of the hydrogen on Jupiter would be lost due to Strong gravity and waste in space. An efficient method is to convert hydrogen into useful substances. Puzzled by this question, I asked Nicholson, and he said that this can be achieved by the process of thermonuclear fusion, which often occurs in the interior of stars. Our discussion is to build a Diessen sphere today in order to find out how to build it when the time comes. In four or five centuries, we may destroy Jupiter in a few hours. This kind of bomb, The energy required is equal to ten followed by twenty-one zeros plus as many hydrogen bombs, and each hydrogen bomb has a power of 40 million tons. The difficulty is that such a huge explosive force will cause Jupiter fragments to fly through the solar system, and may fly to Part of the interstellar space will fly towards the sun, and they will also affect the orbit of the earth, and may hit the earth. This method of explosion is not beneficial and dangerous.

Birmingham physicist Frenning told me that unmanned fusion reactors can be placed in the suborbit of Jupiter's atmosphere and fly on its muddy surface. They can absorb gaseous hydrogen and convert it into heavy elements by fusion. Such as iron, and rocket motors, or larger geosynchronous satellite magnetic field generators, will suck iron from Jupiter and throw it into inner planetary space until it is about the same distance as Earth's orbit. As big as the earth, it will fly around the sun in the same orbit as the earth.Nicholson agreed with Frenning's plan, but pointed out a serious danger: Nuclear fusion not only converts hydrogen into heavy elements, but also releases so much energy that a part of Jupiter will become as hot as a nuclear furnace. , as Nixon pointed out: If the radiation produced by this reaction radiates in all directions, the earth will intercept the radiation from the direction of Jupiter, which is equal to 4% of our current radiation from the sun, which may cause danger Sexual shortwave radiation.

Some people will point out that building a Diessen sphere may cause leukocytosis to half the population. Nicholson has solved this problem. He thinks that a huge optical filter can be made to surround Jupiter. Receiving solar energy to power the reactor, where do we get the material to make the filter?This filter requires no special materials, in fact, it can be made using Jupiter's largest moon, Saturn and Pluto, and Jupiter's four moons larger than our moon, and one of the inner planets, which inner planet? ?This question has been asked for a long time, because they can be used as large human colonies, fortunately, there is a planet that can be used, it is Mercury, it is only 36 million miles from the sun, and its volume is more than four times that of our moon. , a series of large hydrogen bombs can be exploded at selected points on the surface of Mercury, which can detach the planet from its orbit and bring it closer to Jupiter. This rocket, will be disintegrated in no time. Reaching 16 percent of the total mass of the Earth, enough mass to form Jupiter's mini-Dyson sphere, shielding the Earth and the inner planets from a deadly nuclear radiation blast, this protective sphere, similar to Saturn's rings, will be Rotating in the orbit of Jupiter, so it filters out most of the radiation, this is easier to achieve if the protective sphere orbits Jupiter at a synchronous distance, so that every part of it is always facing the surface of Jupiter At the same point, the synchronous orbit means a distance of 37,000 miles from Jupiter. Centuries later, the great work will begin, and a much larger ball will encircle the sun, containing thousands of little objects flying around, ranging in size from hundreds of times the size of the Earth to as small as an asteroid, but eventually It would be better to make a planet the size of the Earth, at least twice the size of Mars, so that it would retain its own atmosphere for plant life, so there would be no hope of finding habitable worlds in the Milky Way. Making planets is not very complicated, as long as enough matter is found in the orbit of the sun, they will fall together, just like the moon stops in its orbit and falls to the earth, the law of gravity will make this collision produce a greater impact Planets, and it is believed that all protoplanets, were formed this way. A large population center of a complete Dyson sphere would consist of millions of worlds of different volumes, some of which would have daytime skies similar to today's, and he would not see a noticeable change. The distance between the sun and him would be the same as Similar to our distance, it looks the same size, and emits the same heat, and the plants and trees are luxuriant. If he lived in a world the same size as the earth, the gravity would still be the same, and the day and night would have the same twelve hours, but the night It is very different, even on cloud-covered nights, he will not feel very dark, the night sky will be illuminated by sunlight reflected from other celestial bodies, so bright that only the brightest stars in the sky can be seen, and the astronomy The observatory must be moved outside the solar system. How is the ball governed?How do the residents on this side of the sun communicate with the residents on the other side of the sun?Since they always remain in the same position, since no radio or television signal can cross the sun, or pass through the sun's corona, this difficulty seems insurmountable. Fortunately, this problem has been solved by Mr. Strong, a member of the British Interplanetary Society. Well, he invented a system of radio delays that circled the solar system, by which any signal could travel between any two points without hindrance, and his invention was very close to that of the eighteenth-century French mathematician LaGrange Working, he created a planetary law called the Trojan system, and LaGrange calculated that any body occupying the same orbit as the Earth would form an equilateral triangle, the Earth and the Sun would remain on fixed sides, if this triangle Each angle of , is sixty degrees, then the third object, whether it is a small moon or a large planet, will also stay in the relevant position. LaGrange's law was proved in 1906 due to the discovery of two groups of Trojan asteroids, fixed in position relative to Jupiter, forming two equilateral triangles with the sun, and Sturm showed that it could be simply Earth can transmit signals located on both sides of the sun. In the Diessen sphere, the earth can be one of the six Trojan planets around the sun, each of which maintains a complete equilateral triangle with its neighbors, and they can transmit messages to each other. The sun's radiation will no longer be wasted. At present, only one-fifth of the sun's heat and light hit the earth; the rest is wasted in space. If a Diessen sphere is close to the sun, at least half of the radiation energy can be recovered. Capture and benefit mankind. The human beings living on the Dyson sphere are just like the human beings wandering far away in the Milky Way. As I said in Chapter 10, there are hundreds of millions of worlds in the Milky Way that people can live in, and countless colonies have been established. , in some distant galaxies, they will also leave the mainstream of human history, but who can find the habitable place in the central part of the galaxy?They are like those who left the city and lived in the country, and bought a village there, away from the people, with only a six-lane expressway through his back door. Dyson sphere is like a suitable place in the galaxy, and also like the fast lane of modern industrial countries. Dyson is asking: Is there any physical or technological reason that a growing technology will be limited to one planet?For me, the answer is no good.In the era after thousands of years, even the huge mass of Jupiter cannot meet the needs of human beings, then the third type of civilization in Kardashiv will enter, and the Milky Way will be developed at that time, first of all, the planet will orbiting nearby stars, where there is enough matter, most stars have planets, and two planets larger than Jupiter have been discovered in the orbit of Barna Star, six light-years from the Sun, at a distance of There is a planet six times the mass of Jupiter on the Tianjin Zeng29 star, which is eleven light years away. Regardless of whether our descendants will need them or not, this kind of planet will be broken down into a Diessen sphere. If we assume that there is a technology that can In charge of this, Deason writes: It may take thousands of years to travel from star to star, and ten million years to travel from one end of the galaxy to the other, which is a short time by astronomical standards. It's just time. However, there is a problem that slows down this process, including our galaxy, there is too much mass to form stars, and very little to form planets, to be of real effect and rapid development value, there is only one answer to this problem, some stars will disintegrate themselves, Or explode, so the heavy elements in it can form the original material, we can imagine huge chunks of iron and other heavy elements being thrown into the surrounding space, this kind of work is not a magical thing of the third type of civilization, even the second type of civilization Being able to build a Dyson sphere, just as people four hundred years later think that Jupiter has no economic value, their descendants thousands of years later will also think that the dead and huge red giant has no value. We know about the natural evolution of stars, that a star with the mass of the sun will expand into a red giant and then shrink back into a white dwarf, ending its life, but a star twice the size of the sun will not gently become a white dwarf, it will die with The huge explosive force terminates life and throws heavy elements into the surrounding space. Now, let us imagine a third type of civilization. They have a more mature knowledge of stellar evolution. About six hundred times the diameter of our sun, from its current volume and luminosity, they calculated its original mass, before it became a red giant, was about three to four times the mass of the sun, and its final death characteristic, was in the blade Above, it is rapidly becoming a white dwarf and exploding. I talked about the fate of different stars in Chapter 9, between their contraction and expansion, but how do they contract or expand in one place?What factors make the difference between silent contraction and sudden expansion?Our hypothetical planet, with three or four times the mass of the sun, was initially composed almost of hydrogen gas, which would fuse hydrogen into helium throughout its life, with the result that a considerable amount of blunt helium ash gradually condensed into the core of the star. As it grows larger, the gravitational pressure in the core of the star becomes stronger and stronger, and finally the helium ash reaches a critical temperature of 200 million degrees Fahrenheit, and is engaged in thermonuclear combustion. When helium atoms form nitrogen, carbon, and neon atoms, helium flames will be released. , its outer layers will expand until the giant star becomes tens of thousands of times its original volume, and it will remain in this state for millions of years. The gravitational pressure will start to act again, and the entire star will begin to shrink. Now it is in a real crisis. Terrible events would take place in the core of the star. Oxygen, carbon, and neon would crowd into a heap. The ash heap itself would heat up under the pressure of gravity. A chain of thermonuclear transformations would take place. Fusion into the heaviest elements, such as iron, titanium, chromium, magnesium, cobalt, nickel, copper and zinc, the star in this step is like a hand grenade pulled out, the explosion of the star core is inevitable, but the original star How has the quality of changed?In a star of one solar mass, the explosion of the core does not cause the outer layers of the star to shatter, but in a star three or four times larger than the sun, the material in the core is so dense that the explosion will rupture the outer layers, while the star's All the nuclear energy is unleashed, and the unimaginable result is that the heavy elements in the core are flung into space, and within a few weeks the exploding star is 100 million times brighter than the sun. The problem facing a Type III civilization is the disruptive effect of a Death Star in its crisis phase. For obvious reasons of safety, the target star must be more than five light-years away from any habitable planets. Such an explosion can Acted by an unmanned, computer-controlled laser gun, it causes a certain point on the outer layer of the target star to reach a very high temperature, just like hydrogen in the experiment, and the star will become unstable. The British astronomer Birch believes that this sudden external intervention process will cause some galaxies with high central density to explode naturally. His theory says that the sudden explosion of a star will increase the surface temperature of its neighbors, and make nearby stars also exploded, and the result was a chain reaction, which could explain the remarkable explosion or splitting of the entire galaxy. In the popular book Intelligent Creatures in the Universe, it is believed that the third type of civilization can manufacture a huge laser gun, which has an opening ten yards in diameter. According to Burbage's theory, the gamma ray beams emitted by the laser gun reach the The surface of a star can generate 20 billion ergs per second per square inch of energy, covering an area with a diameter of six miles. This gun needs more power than the current annual power generation of the earth. To generate such power, the thunder The guns suddenly attack the star, creating a nuclear chain reaction and heating the outer layers of the star, producing a huge explosion that shakes the entire star. After a few years, when the most dangerous form of particle radiation is gone, the third type of civilization can use their Magnetic field generators to collect heavy elements to build hundreds of Dyson spheres. Of course, this is very possible, such civilizations certainly have the ability to develop their resources in the most efficient way, and to build a traditional Dyson sphere, the inner star cluster must be useful and controllable, some artificial arrangements must exist in our In the center of the Milky Way, because there are many stars older than the sun, like the Messier 87 galaxy in Virgo, a huge flame was shot into space, with a length of nearly 100,000 light years. Some people think that this is Messier 87. Giant rockets launched by civilization, they are doing some work.But there are also those who believe that this is the result of natural explosions, but this does not mean that all cosmic phenomena are so spontaneous. If the views of molecular biologists are correct, then there must be many types of life, although the physiological strength of human beings is very weak. , but he can learn to use and control a force 1,018 times stronger than himself. If there is some fundamental theorem that says we cannot achieve the occupation and development of our galaxy, then this theorem must have not yet been presented.