Chapter 21 Forty-one↓Forty-seven technique: make good use of various techniques of refutation

In social communication, there are generally two ways for people to express their thoughts, opinions, and propositions: one is argumentation; the other is refutation.Argument is to explain the truth and explain the problem on one's own initiative.To refute is to refute the other party's erroneous thoughts, viewpoints, and propositions, so as to promote one's own thoughts, viewpoints, and propositions.It not only requires the thinking of the rebutter to be quicker than that of the demonstrator, but also requires the flexibility and skillful use of corresponding rebuttal methods and techniques.

The methods and techniques of rebuttal are too numerous to enumerate, and only a few are listed for analysis. The fourth technique Ⅰ: direct refutation This is the argument against the other party, directly proving its hypocrisy with facts or other methods. There is such a story in "Ai Zi Miscellaneous Talk": There was a rich man in the land of Qi, with a wealth of wealth, and a rich man, but the two sons he gave birth to were very stupid.Not only did he not educate, but he also felt at ease. One day, Ai Zi, a friend of the rich man, said to him: Although your two sons are not ugly, but they are so stupid, how will they inherit your family business in the future?

When the rich man heard this, he didn't take it seriously, and replied angrily: My two sons are smart and completely dependable, how can you falsely accuse them of being stupid? Ai Zi said: Let's not test their essays for the time being, just ask your son, where does the food he eats come from?If they know, this is my crime of lying. The rich man really called out his two sons and asked.The two sons laughed and said: Who doesn't know this?It came back from the cloth bag! When the rich man heard this, he shook his head and sighed: My two sons are really too stupid to even know that rice grows from the fields!

Ai Zi said: You are also responsible for not educating yourself. Ai Zi exposes the rich man's praise for the stupid son, and directly refute it with the fact that the fool doesn't know where the rice comes from. The fourth and second technique Ⅱ: Discussing what is right and what is wrong This is to present an argument that proves that the argument that contradicts the opponent's argument is correct, and thus disproves the opponent's argument that the argument is wrong. "Ai Zi Za Shuo" records such a thing: Aizi's neighbors are all from Qidi.Qi Ren A Qi Ren B said:

We are compared with Qi Zhigong.They are also the spirits of heaven, earth, and man. Why do they have wisdom, but we don't? Qi Renyi replied: They eat meat all day long, so they are wise.And what we eat is coarse rice, of course we have little wisdom! Qi Renjia said: Why don't we use the money from buying rice to buy meat and see if it will increase wisdom. A few days later, the two met again. Qi Ren A Qi Ren B said: After we eat meat, we suddenly feel that our minds are enlightened, and we are more wise in doing things. Qi Renyi also said: I think it is more convenient for people to stretch out their feet first. If they stretch out later, they will be trampled by people who come behind!

Qi Renjia said: I see that it is beneficial for people's nostrils to grow downwards. If they grow upwards, wouldn't the water pour into them when it rains? Both complimented each other on their intelligence. Ai Zi sighed after hearing this: It is unimaginable that the intelligence of the meat-eating people is like this! In this story, Qi people A and B argue that people's intelligence is obtained by eating meat.And what they say and do after eating meat is even more stupid.This is to prove the fallacy of his argument with facts. The fourth and third techniques Ⅲ: hit the vital points

This is to grasp the argument of the other party's conversation, analyze and dissect it, and expose the essence of its fallacy. "Warring.There is such a story in Qi Ce: The king of Qi State intends to go to court with the king of Qin and profess his minister to the king of Qin.When he walked out of Yongmen, Sima of Yongmen stepped forward and said to him: When you become a king, is it for the country?Or to be king? King Qi replied: Of course it is for the country! Sima said: Since you became king for the sake of the country, why did you lose the country and become a minister to the King of Qin?

King Qi felt that Sima's words were reasonable, so he turned the horse's head and drove back. Why did Sima of Yongmen's words make King Qi, who went to see King Qin, drive back in his car?Because Sima's words hit the vital point of King Qi.The key point is: if you are king for the sake of the country, why leave your own country to submit to the king of Qin? The fourth and fourth techniques Ⅳ: Extrapolation to absurdity This is to extend the other party's argument, and after deduction, draw out its absurdity, so as to refute the opponent's argument is wrong. Legend has it that once upon a time, a poor scholar went to pay homage to the old abbot in a monastery.When the abbot received the scholar, he saw that the scholar was very shabby in the green clothes and cap, so he was very arrogant, and he didn't invite the scholar to sit.Just at this time, the abbot heard that a son of a state official came to the temple to offer incense. He quickly left the scholar and bowed down to greet him at the steps in front of the temple.

Afterwards, the scholar asked the abbot: Master is so arrogant to me, but so respectful to the state official, why? The abbot sophistry said: Pick it up or not, or not pick it up. When Xiucai heard this, he was furious. He picked up the Buddhist staff beside him and hit the abbot a few times, saying: Master, don't blame me, if you hit me, you don't hit me, if you don't hit me, you hit me. The abbot was speechless. The abbot used the absurd words of whether to accept or not to accept, and to cover up his scandal of disliking the low and climbing the high.The scholar took over this fallacy and extended it to the absurd conclusion that beating is not beating, and not being beating is beating, which made the monk suffer a lot and was speechless.

The fourth and fifth techniques ◆Ⅴ: Anatomy of the original meaning This is to put a footnote on the false argument of the other party, pointing out its true connotation or essence. "Liezi.There is a story in Shuofu: The common people in Handan, when the first lunar month and the new year came, they would send the doves they caught to the home of Jian Zi, who claimed to be a good man, and dedicated them to Jian Zi, and Jian Zi would give him a generous compensation.A guest asked Jian Zi, why?Jane said: Every time in the first lunar month, I release these doves caught by other people. Isn’t it a good deed, and is it kind to the doves?

The guest smiled and said: The common people know that you like to release animals, and they all compete to catch the doves. I don’t know how many doves died. If you really release your life to do good deeds, it’s better to prohibit the common people from catching the doves.Now that they are caught and released like this, all the debts have been offset, so what kind of good deeds are they talking about? The Jianzi mentioned in this story did not hesitate to buy a dove at a high price to release his life.In fact, it is greedy for fame.The guest seized this case of arrest and release, explained its meaning, and pointed out that his release was actually killing, and charity was actually cruel. The fourth and sixth techniques Ⅵ: Attacking the shield with a spear This is to compare the contradictory words of the other party and let the other party slap their own mouths. There is a joke in "Xi Tan Lu": There are two worshiping brothers, and the brothers like to talk big and lie the most. On this day, the two worshiping brothers met, and the elder brother spoke big words and lies again. Brother said: I ate a big steamed dumpling yesterday. I used 100 catties of flour, 80 catties of meat, and 20 catties of vegetables. I only wrapped one. After it was steamed, I put it on four combined tables. lay down.More than 20 people gathered around to eat. After eating for a day and a night, before eating half of it, two people suddenly disappeared. Everyone searched everywhere, and suddenly heard someone talking inside the dumpling. Go into the dumpling and dig out the stuffing to eat.Do you think this dumpling is big? Brother said: Not too big.You didn't see the meat bun I ate yesterday, that's how big it is!Dozens of people ate for three days and three nights, but still haven't seen any stuffing.Hurry up to eat it, and eat a big stone tablet, which reads: There are still thirty miles away from the stuffing.Do you think it is bigger than the dumpling you said? Brother said: You big bun, what kind of pot did you use to steam it? Brother said: It's the pot for steaming dumplings! In this joke, the brother boasted all over the sky, and the brother used the spear of the son to attack the shield of the son, and the brother cleverly exposed the brother's lie. The forty-seventh technique VII: partial generalization This is to point out that the evidence held by the opponent's argument is the premise of individuality, and no universal conclusion can be drawn from it. "Liezi.There is a story in Shuofu: A man surnamed Tian in the state of Qi held a banquet in honor of the road god in a large audience. There were thousands of diners present.A diner offered the man surnamed Tian the fish and birds he had caught.The man surnamed Tian saw it, sighed, and said: God treats us very kindly. There are grains in the fields, fish in the water, and birds in the sky. They are all for us to eat. Many guests also echoed, praising the person surnamed Tian as right.Just at this time, a boy surnamed Bao who was only twelve years old sitting on the second seat had a different opinion. He said to the person surnamed Tian: I don't agree with your opinion. All things in the world are born together, just like us. There is no distinction between high and low. They control and eat each other only because of their intelligence and ability. They are not born for human beings. Eating what can be eaten is not arranged by God!May I ask if mosquitoes bite the skin and tigers and wolves eat meat, is it also arranged for mosquitoes and tigers and wolves? In the story, it is incorrect for a man named Tian in the state of Qi to draw the conclusion that the Emperor of Heaven made things from the phenomenon that humans ate grains, fish, and birds.The young man surnamed Bao refuted his mistake of overgeneralizing with the examples of mosquitoes biting the skin and tigers and wolves eating meat, and explained the principle of natural selection.